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Word Stress

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PlanGeneral Notes on Word Stress.Types of Word Stress.Degrees of Word Stress.Placement of Word Stress.Common Rules of Word Stress in English.Functions of Word Stress.

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Слайд 1Word Stress
Lecture 5

Word StressLecture 5

Слайд 2Plan
General Notes on Word Stress.
Types of Word Stress.
Degrees of Word

Stress.
Placement of Word Stress.
Common Rules of Word Stress in English.
Functions

of Word Stress.








PlanGeneral Notes on Word Stress.Types of Word Stress.Degrees of Word Stress.Placement of Word Stress.Common Rules of Word

Слайд 3The Nature of Word Stress

The Nature of Word Stress

Слайд 4The Nature of Word Stress

Word Stress
is a greater degree of

prominence of a syllable or syllables as compared to the

other syllables of the word

The Nature of Word StressWord Stressis a greater degree of prominence of a syllable or syllables as

Слайд 5The Nature of Word Stress
Scientists about Word Stress:

D. Jones: Word

Stress is the degree of force, which is accompanied by

a strong force of exhalation and gives an impression of loudness.
A. C. Gimson: English word stress or accent is a complex phenomenon, marked by the variations in force, pitch, quality and quantity.

The Nature of Word StressScientists about Word Stress:D. Jones: Word Stress is the degree of force, which

Слайд 6The Nature of Word Stress
Scientists about Word Stress:

B. A. Bogoroditsky:

Stress as an increase of energy, accompanied by an increase

of expiratory and articulatory activity.
S. F. Leontyeva: Word stress can be defined as the singling out of one or more syllables in a word, which is accompanied by the change of the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the sound which is usually a vowel.


The Nature of Word StressScientists about Word Stress:B. A. Bogoroditsky: Stress as an increase of energy, accompanied

Слайд 7The Nature of Word Stress

The effect of prominence of the

stressed syllable is achieved by a number of phonetic parameters:
Pitch
Loudness
Length
Vowel

Quality
These 4 factors usually work together in combination, but they are not equally important. The strongest effect is produced by pitch and length.
The Nature of Word StressThe effect of prominence of the stressed syllable is achieved by a number

Слайд 8The Nature of Word Stress
In the stressed syllable:
the force of

utterance is greater, which is connected with more energetic articulation;
the

pitch of the voice is higher, which is connected with stronger tenseness of the vocal cords and the walls of resonance cavity;
the quantity of the vowel is greater, the vowel becomes longer;
the quality of the vowel is different (in unstressed syllables it is usually narrow).



The Nature of Word StressIn the stressed syllable:the force of utterance is greater, which is connected with

Слайд 9The Nature of Word Stress
Word Stress

is singling out

of one or more syllables in a word, which is

accompanied by the change of the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the sound, which is usually a vowel.
The Nature of Word StressWord Stress  is singling out of one or more syllables in a

Слайд 10

Types of Word Stress

Types of Word Stress

Слайд 11Types of Word Stress
We distinguish the following types of Word

Stress:
dynamic (force) stress is achieved by greater force with which

the syllable is pronounced (Russian, English, French, German);
musical (tonic) stress is achieved through the change of pitch/musical tone (Japanese, Korean);
quantitative stress is achieved through the changes in the quantity of the vowels, which are longer in the stressed syllables (Russian);
qualitative stress is achieved through the changes in the quality of the vowel (Russian).

Types of Word StressWe distinguish the following types of Word Stress:dynamic (force) stress is achieved by greater

Слайд 12Types of Word Stress

English Word Stress
is traditionally

defined as dynamic, but in fact, the special prominence of

the stressed syllables is manifested not only through the increase of intensity, but also through the changes in the vowel quantity, consonant and vowel quality and pitch of the voice.

Types of Word StressEnglish Word Stress   is traditionally defined as dynamic, but in fact, the

Слайд 13

Degrees of Word Stress

Degrees of Word Stress

Слайд 14Degrees of Word Stress
The syllables in a word are characterized

by different degrees of prominence. There are as many degrees

of stress in a word as there are syllables.

In English there are 3 degrees of stress:
primary (strong, main, principal);
secondary (half-stressed, half-strong);
weak (unstressed).
Degrees of Word Stress	The syllables in a word are characterized by different degrees of prominence. There are

Слайд 15Degrees of Word Stress

In American English there are 4 degrees

of stress:
primary (strong, main, principal);
secondary (half-stressed, half-strong);
tertiary (on the last

but one syllable in the words with suffixes -ary, -ory, -ony: ´dictioˏnary.
weak (unstressed).
Degrees of Word Stress		In American English there are 4 degrees of stress:primary (strong, main, principal);secondary (half-stressed, half-strong);tertiary

Слайд 16Degrees of Word Stress

In transcription stress is indicated by placing

the stress mark before the symbol of the first sound

of the stressed syllable.
Primary stress is marked by a raised short vertical stroke and secondary stress is marked by a lowered one:
examination [ɪgˏzᴂmɪ´neɪʃ(ǝ)n]
Degrees of Word Stress		In transcription stress is indicated by placing the stress mark before the symbol of

Слайд 17Placement of Word Stress

Placement of Word Stress

Слайд 18Placement of Word Stress
According to its placement in a word,


stress can be:

fixed
free
shifting

Placement of Word StressAccording to its placement in a word, stress can be:fixed free shifting

Слайд 19Placement of Word Stress
Fixed
(the position of the word stress is

always the same,
it is restricted to a particular syllable):



in French (the last syllable),
in Finnish and Czech (the first syllable),
in Polish (the last but one syllable).

Placement of Word StressFixed(the position of the word stress is always the same, it is restricted to

Слайд 20Placement of Word Stress
Free
(the location of the word stress is

not
confined to a specific position,
it can fall on

any syllable of the word):

English, Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, etc.

Placement of Word StressFree(the location of the word stress is not confined to a specific position, it

Слайд 21Placement of Word Stress
Shifting
(the word stress can change
its position

in different forms
of the word and its derivatives):

´music

- mu´sician

Placement of Word StressShifting(the word stress can change its position in different forms of the word and

Слайд 22Placement of Word Stress
To define the position of word stress


it is necessary to take into account
a number of

factors:

phonological structure of the syllable;
the number of syllables in a word;
morphological factor;
the part of speech the word belongs to;
the semantic factor.
Placement of Word StressTo define the position of word stress it is necessary to take into account

Слайд 23Placement of Word Stress
The phonological structure of the syllable is

related to the status of a particular syllables in terms

of the degree of sonority.
The sounds that possess a greater degree of sonority contribute to the greater prominence of the syllable. A syllable is strong when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or a short vowel followed by two consonants:
a´rrive - de´velop

Placement of Word Stress	The phonological structure of the syllable is related to the status of a particular

Слайд 24Placement of Word Stress
The number of syllables in a word

influences the number of stresses and the position of stress.

There

are stress patterns typical of two-syllable words, three-syllable words and so on.
In multi-syllable words there appears secondary stress.
Placement of Word Stress	The number of syllables in a word influences the number of stresses and the

Слайд 25Placement of Word Stress
Morphological factor shows that in complex words

the placement of stress depends on the type of suffix.
Suffixes

are divided into:
stress-neutral (which do not affect the stress placement in the stem);
stress-fixing (which influence stress in the stem);
stress-attracting (which carry stress themselves).


Placement of Word Stress	Morphological factor shows that in complex words the placement of stress depends on the

Слайд 26Placement of Word Stress

stress-neutral (-al, -able, -en, -ful, -ing, -ish,

-less, -ness, -ly, -ment):
´comfort – ´comfortable;
stress-fixing (-ion, -ic, -ity,

-ial, -ive):
´curious - curi´osity;
stress-attracting(-ade, -eer, -ee, -esque, -ette, -ain):
ˏrefu´gee, ˏciga´rette.


Placement of Word Stress	stress-neutral (-al, -able, -en, -ful, -ing, -ish, -less, -ness, -ly, -ment): 	´comfort – ´comfortable;stress-fixing

Слайд 27Placement of Word Stress
The grammatical category the word belongs to:
´contrast

– to con´trast
´habit – ha´bitual
´music – mu´sician
´insult – to in´sult
´record

– to re´cord
´present – to pre´sent




Placement of Word StressThe grammatical category the word belongs to:´contrast – to con´trast´habit – ha´bitual´music – mu´sician´insult

Слайд 28Placement of Word Stress
The semantic factor (for compound words and

words with the so-called separable prefixes).
The majority of such

words have two equally strong stresses, both stressed parts are considered to be of equal semantic importance:
compound adjectives: ´hard-´working, ´blue-´eyed,
verbs with post positions : ´sit´down, ´take´off,
numerals from 13 to 19: ´ four´teen, ´six´teen.




Placement of Word Stress	The semantic factor (for compound words and words with the so-called separable prefixes). 	The

Слайд 29

Common Rules of Word Stress

Common Rules of Word Stress

Слайд 30 Common Rules of Word Stress
Two-syllable words (verbs, adjectives, adverbs):
the second

syllable is stressed if it contains a long vowel or

a diphthong, or if it ends with more than one consonant: a´pply, a´ssist. But! ´honest.
the first syllable is stressed if the final syllable contains a short vowel and one (or no) final consonant: ´enter, ´open.
Two-syllable words (nouns):
the first syllable is stressed if the second syllable contains a short vowel: ´money;
the second syllable is stressed if the second syllable contains a long vowel or a diphthong: es´tate.
Common Rules of Word Stress Two-syllable words (verbs, adjectives, adverbs):the second syllable is stressed if it

Слайд 31 Common Rules of Word Stress
Three-syllable words (verbs):
the last but one

syllable is stressed if the last syllable contains a short

vowel and ends with one consonant: de´termine.
the final syllable is stressed if it contains a long vowel or a diphthong, or ends with more than one consonant: enter´tain.
Common Rules of Word Stress Three-syllable words (verbs):the last but one syllable is stressed if the

Слайд 32 Common Rules of Word Stress
Three-syllable words (nouns, adjectives):
the middle syllable

is stressed if the syllable preceding the final syllable contains

a long vowel or a diphthong, or if it ends with more than one consonant:
di´saster;
the first syllable is stressed if the final syllable contains a short vowel and the middle syllable contains a short vowel and ends with not more than one consonant:
´cinema
´insolent
Common Rules of Word Stress Three-syllable words (nouns, adjectives):the middle syllable is stressed if the syllable

Слайд 33 Common Rules of Word Stress
Words with prefixes:
in words with prefixes

the primary stress typically falls on the syllable following the

prefix:
im´possible, re´call ;
in words with prefixes with their own meaning, the place of secondary stress is on the prefix:
ˏex-´minister.
in prefixal verbs which are distinguished from similarly spelt nouns and adjectives, the second syllable is stressed:
to in´crease – ´increase.


Common Rules of Word Stress Words with prefixes:in words with prefixes the primary stress typically falls

Слайд 34 Common Rules of Word Stress
Words with suffixes:

suffixes -esce, -esque, -ate,

-ize, -fy, -ette, -ique, -ee, -eer, - ade have stress

on themselves or the preceding syllable:
ˏmari´nade, ˏspecia´lize;
suffixes -ical, -ic, -ion, -ity, -ial, -cient, -iency, -eous,-ual, -uous, -ety, -itous, -ive, -ative, -itude, -ident, -inal, -wards have stress on the preceding syllable:
eco´nomic, ma´jority.

Common Rules of Word Stress Words with suffixes:suffixes -esce, -esque, -ate, -ize, -fy, -ette, -ique, -ee,

Слайд 35 Common Rules of Word Stress
Words of 4 or more syllables:

The

stress is on the antepenultimate syllable (third from the end):
e´mergency
his´torical

Common Rules of Word Stress Words of 4 or more syllables:The stress is on the antepenultimate

Слайд 36 Common Rules of Word Stress
Compound words:
The first element is stressed

when:
Compounds are written as one word: ´bedroom.
Nouns are compounded of

a verb and an adv.:´make-up.
The second element is stressed when:
Food items have the first element which is of a material used in manufacturing the whole: ˏapple ´tart.
Parts of the house are implied: ˏfront ´door.



Common Rules of Word Stress Compound words:The first element is stressed when:Compounds are written as one

Слайд 37 Common Rules of Word Stress
Compound words:
The first element is stressed

when:
Adjectives with past participle characterize people:
ˏthick-´skinned.
Nouns ending in -er, -ing

are followed by adverbs:
ˏpasser´by.
The first element of compounds is a number:
second-´class, three -´wheeler.
Compound function as an adverb:
head-´first.



Common Rules of Word Stress Compound words:The first element is stressed when:Adjectives with past participle characterize

Слайд 38 Common Rules of Word Stress
The most common types of English

stress pattern
´_ _ (´after)

_´_ (be´fore)
´_ _ _ (´family)
_´_ _ (im´portance)

Some words have 2 variants of stress:
ki´lometer – ´kilometer
Common Rules of Word Stress The most common types of English stress pattern  ´_ _

Слайд 39

Functions of Word Stress

Functions of Word Stress

Слайд 40Word Stress

Word Stress

Слайд 41 Functions of Word Stress

The constitutive function:
word stress organizes the

syllables into a word
The recognitive (identicatory) function:
word stress makes it

possible to identify and recognize a word in the chain of speech.
The distinctive function:
word stress is capable of differentiating the meaning of words or their forms: ´import - im´port.

Functions of Word Stress The constitutive function:	 word stress organizes the syllables into a wordThe recognitive

Слайд 42Questions:

What is WORD STRESS?
What types of word stress do

you know?
How does stress perform constitutive, distinctive and recognitive function?
What

is the terminology suggested by different authors to distinguish between different degrees of word stress?
What factors determine the place of word stress?


Questions:What is WORD STRESS? What types of word stress do you know?How does stress perform constitutive, distinctive

Слайд 43 Literature


Леонтьева С.Ф. Теоретическая фонетика современного английского языка (на

англ. яз.) /С.Ф. Леонтьева.- М., 2002. – 336 с.

Соколова

М.А. Практическая фонетика английского языка /М.А. Соколова. – М.: Гуманит. изд. центр ВЛАДОС, 1997. – 384 с.

O’Connor L.D. Phonetics /L.D. O’Connor. Penguin, 1977.

Sokolova M.A. English Phonetics. A theoretical course /M.A. Sokolova. M., 1996. – 286 p.

Vassilyev V.A. English Phonetics: A theoretical Course /V.A. Vassilyev. M., 1980. – 323 p.
Literature   Леонтьева С.Ф. Теоретическая фонетика современного английского языка (на англ. яз.) /С.Ф. Леонтьева.- М.,

Слайд 44

Thank you for your attention!

Thank you for your attention!

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