Слайд 1История Английского языка
Выполнила: ученица 9а класса
Пономарёва Анастасия
Руководитель: Берлет И. В.
Екатеринбург,
2016
Государственное казенное общеобразовательное учреждение Свердловской области «Екатеринбургская школа-интернат «Эверест»
Учебный информационный
проект
по английскому языку
Слайд 2History of English
By Ponomaryova Anastasiya
Yekaterinburg, 2016
Слайд 3Part I
The Anglo-Saxon Settlement
Слайд 4It's never easy to pinpoint exactly when a specific language
began, but in the case of English we can at
least say that there is little sense in speaking of the English language as a separate entity before the Anglo-Saxons came to Britain.
Слайд 5Little is known of this period with any certainty, but
we do know that Germanic invaders came and settled in
Britain from the north-western coastline of continental Europe in the fifth and sixth centuries.
Слайд 6The invaders all spoke a language that was Germanic (related
to what emerged as Dutch, Frisian, German and the Scandinavian
languages, and to Gothic), but we'll probably never know how different their speech was from that of their continental neighbours.
Слайд 7However it is fairly certain that many of the settlers
would have spoken in exactly the same way as some
of their north European neighbours, and that not all of the settlers would have spoken in the same way.
Слайд 8The reason that we know so little about the linguistic
situation in this period is because we do not have
much in the way of written records from any of the Germanic languages of north-western Europe until several centuries later.
Слайд 9When Old English writings begin to appear in the seventh,
eighth and ninth centuries there is a good deal of
regional variation, but not substantially more than that found in later periods. This was the language that Alfred the Great referred to as English in the ninth century.
Слайд 10The Celts were already resident in Britain when the Anglo-Saxons
arrived. Some scholars have suggested that the Celtic tongue might
have had an underlying influence on the grammatical development of English, particularly in some parts of the country, but this is highly speculative.
Слайд 11The number of loanwords known for certain to have entered
Old English from this source is very small. Those that
survive in modern English include brock (badger), and coomb a type of valley, alongside many place names.
Слайд 12Part II
The Scandinavian Settlements
Слайд 13The next invaders were the Norsemen. From the middle of
the ninth century large numbers of Norse invaders settled in
Britain, and in the eleventh century the whole of England had a Danish king, Canute. The distinct North Germanic speech of the Norsemen had great influence on English.
Слайд 14These include some very basic words such as take and
even grammatical words such as they. The common Germanic base
of the two languages meant that there were still many similarities between Old English and the language of the invaders.
Слайд 15However, much of the influence of Norse, including the vast
majority of the loanwords, does not appear in written English
until after the next great historical and cultural upheaval, the Norman Conquest.
Слайд 16Part III
1066 and after 1066 and all that
Слайд 17The centuries after the Norman Conquest witnessed enormous changes in
the English language. In the course of what is called
the Middle English period, the fairly rich inflectional system of Old English broke down.
Слайд 18It was replaced by what is broadly speaking, the same
system English has today, which unlike Old English makes very
little use of distinctive word endings in the grammar of the language. The vocabulary of English also changed enormously, with tremendous numbers of borrowings from French and Latin, in addition to the Scandinavian loanwords already mentioned, which were slowly starting to appear in the written language.
Слайд 19Old English, like German today, showed a tendency to find
native equivalents for foreign words and phrases (although both Old
English and modern German show plenty of loanwords), whereas Middle English acquired the habit that modern English retains today of readily accommodating foreign words.
Слайд 20Trilingualism in English, French, and Latin was common in the
worlds of business and the professions, with words crossing over
from one language to another with ease. One only has to flick through the etymologies of any English dictionary to get an impression of the huge number of words entering English from French and Latin during the later medieval period. This trend was set to continue into the early modern period with the explosion of interest in the writings of the ancient world.
Слайд 22The late medieval and early modern periods saw a fairly
steady process of standardization in English south of the Scottish
border. The written and spoken language of London continued to evolve and gradually began to have a greater influence in the country at large.
Слайд 23For most of the Middle English period a dialect was
simply what was spoken in a particular area, which would
normally be more or less represented in writing - although where and from whom the writer had learnt how to write were also important. It was only when the broadly London standard began to dominate, especially through the new technology of printing, that the other regional varieties of the language began to be seen as different in kind.
Слайд 24As the London standard became used more widely, especially in
more formal contexts and particularly amongst the more elevated members
of society, the other regional varieties came to be stigmatized, as lacking social prestige and indicating a lack of education.
Слайд 25In the same period a series of changes also occurred
in English pronunciation (though not uniformly in all dialects), which
go under the collective name of the Great Vowel Shift. These were purely linguistic sound changes which occur in every language in every period of history.
Слайд 26The changes in pronunciation weren’t the result of specific social
or historical factors, but social and historical factors would have
helped to spread the results of the changes. As a result the so-called pure vowel sounds which still characterize many continental languages were lost to English.
Слайд 27The phonetic pairings of most long and short vowel sounds
were also lost, which gave rise to many of the
oddities of English pronunciation, and which now obscure the relationships between many English words and their foreign counterparts.
Слайд 28Part V
Colonization and Globalization
Слайд 29During the medieval and early modern periods the influence of
English spread throughout the British Isles, and from the early
seventeenth century onwards its influence began to be felt throughout the world. The complex processes of exploration, colonization and overseas trade that characterized Britain s external relations for several centuries became agents for change in the English language.
Слайд 30This wasn’t simply through the acquisition of loanwords deriving from
languages from every corner of the world, which in many
cases only entered English via the languages of other trading and imperial nations such as Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands, but through the gradual development of new varieties of English, each with their own nuances of vocabulary and grammar and their own distinct pronunciations.
Слайд 31More recently still, English has become a lingua franca, a
global language, regularly used and understood by many nations for
whom English is not their first language.
Слайд 32The eventual effects on the English language of both of
these developments can only be guessed at today, but there
can be little doubt that they will be as important as anything that has happened to English in the past sixteen hundred years.
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