American History discovery, conquest and settlement

diverse selection of cultures (from tribes to quasigovernmental systems)?
Cherokee and

Iroquois Nations – business transactions; no writing, no monetary systems; to Europe – corn and tobacco; from Europe – horses and guns
First ?European discovery ascribed to Leif Erickson, Newfoundland (“Vinland”)

island of Haiti
1493 Pope Alexander VI - the Bull

of Demarkation. North America and the western part of South America to Spain, Brazil - to Portugal.
Spain acquired Haiti, Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Cuba by 1515. Florida (St. Augustine), and later Santa Fe (now in New Mexico). Spanish Hernando Cortes conquered the Aztecs in central Mexico (1521), and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas of Peru (1531)
Spanish women? Separate governments? 1898 –Spanish-American war, loss of most Spanish territories

French is still spoken;
the Mississippi in 1672 (Le Salle), the

towns of Saint Louis (named after a French king) and New Orleans.
In 1534 Jacques Cartier explored the Gulf of st. Lawrence and the river upstream up to the modern Montreal. The whole territory was given the name of “New France”, later replaced by ‘Canada’, which in Indian means just ‘a village’, or ‘settlement’.
building forts where the Great Lakes came together, Detroit in 1707.
Growing French expansion was not to be born by the English : series of military conflicts from 1689 up to 1760.
The English-French war came to an end with capturing Quebec by General Grant in 1759, Canada ceded to England. The defeat of France in America made the USA development possible.

region New Netherlands ;
buying and naming Manhattan New Amsterdam

in 1613. In the Dutch colony religion was separated from government, which attracted Quakers, Moravians, Jews and made New Amsterdam a cosmopolitan place (Theodor Roosevelt)
In 1664 the Dutch surrended their colony to a special military expedition sent by Charles II.
The Swedish settled in Delaware; Germans settled later in Pennsylvania.

in 1497. No interest for 100 years. Why?
In 1576, the

British explorer Martin Frobisher hauled 200 tons of material back to England…
first settlement of North America in 1585, on Roanoke Island in Virginia.

socialism
1613 – tobacco, John Rolfe. The King banned the

growing of tobacco in England;
importation of slaves to the New World – 1619
Virginia produced four of America’s first five presidents

Within five years the Great Migration of religiously motivated settlers

followed from England.
By the 1640s, robust trade by sea with England, the West Indies, with West Africa.
In all New England communities schools were established. The first college was Harward, founded in 1636, 16 years after landing of the Pilgrims. The College of William & Mary in 1693; and Yale in 1701.

attract new settlers;"headright system," - 50 acres to those who

paid for the passage to the colony of an immigrant, an "indentured servant"
contrast between Massachusetts and Virginia - 250 years later, the Civil War.

were a problem – why?
colony based on one principle:

which?
Philadelphia, which means "brotherly love" in Greek, became America's greatest city, surpassing Boston in population in the 1700s.

– a misfit – why? with the founding of Providence

the Rhode Island colony became independent from Massachusetts.
The Connecticut Colony - founded in 1639 with establishment of a town at Hartford; also built on more liberal principles than Massachusetts;
New Haven colony - a restrictive Puritan society with elaborate punishments for misconduct in the community; existed till 1662, then was united to the Connecticut Colony.
Between the New England states and the Southern stated lies a group of states known as Middle States. They are New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland. Delaware next to Rhode Island is the smallest state: began as early as 1638 with Swedish settlers, led by Peter Minuit. Soon enough - part of New York, in 1682 united to Pennsylvania; 20 years later became independent again. People who settled there - a curious mix of Swedes, Finns, the Dutch and the English.

a settlement on Cheasepeake Bay.The founders - Lord Baltimore and

his son, Roman Catholics. The settlers practiced religious tolerance.
Georgia was founded in 1733 as a military front to protect the other colonies from the Spanish. The founder was James Oglthorpe, the English army officer and MP. He founded it with the help of a joint stock company to give a new chance to insolvent debtors; the chief town was Savannah.
So the original 13 colonies were: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire in the North; New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland in the Middle groud; Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia in the South

1700s, which would lay the foundation for capitalism in the

1800s.
mercantilism was an economic system in which the colonies existed to give raw materials to mother country (England), and buy her finished products, so that England could export more than it imported and thereby increase its gold reserves from a surplus in the balance of trade.

Indians to do the hard work.
The "encomienda" was a

grant by the King or Queen of Spain of power over Indians within a geographic region, a grant that was given to an "encomendero", who was the Spaniard in that region who would put the Indians to work.
The Indians themselves became known as the economiendas. The encomendero was supposed to educate the encomiendas, convert them to Christianity (Catholicism), and not exercise any political power over them (as in telling them how to live). In practice, however, there were no "checks and balances" preventing exploitation and abuse of power in working the Indians.

colonies were established) until about 1760, when conflicts began and

Britain changed its "hands off" policy.
During this period, colonies differed in many ways from each other, but businesses flourished and the wealth of the colonies grew.

libel.“1735.
Andrew Hamilton of Philadelphia, agreed to defend Zenger for

free;
truth is a perfect defense against a charge of libel/ publishing the truth about someone can be a crime (the crime of "libel")
"jury nullification," the power of the jury to ignore the law and hold in favor of a defendant even though the law says he is guilty; exists to this day. Juries may "nullify" the law to find a defendant "not guilty."

in size, reaching 2 million in population compared to only

100,000 in the French settlements.
During this time South Carolina had grown heavily dependent on slavery to pick its crops and sustain its economy. By the late 1730s South Carolina had twice as many slaves as free Europeans. In 1739 tensions between the slaves and their masters reached a boiling point in the Stono Rebellion in Charleston. This insurgency by the slaves was brutally suppressed, and then South Carolina passed harsh laws (codes) to exert even more control over the slaves. More so than any other colony (and later, more than any other state), South Carolina was determined to keep and use slavery.

settlers in the colonies grew in the mid-1700s, they began

to migrate to Ohio. There they came into conflict with the French over the fur trade and control of the region. Conflict between the English colonists and the French traders increased after the end of King George's War in 1748.
In 1754, 7 colonies met to address these problems at the Albany Congress. They considered, but did not adopt, Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan of Union. The Albany Plan of Union attempted to unite the English colonies with the Iroquois League in a defensive stance against New France
George Washington appears on stage

and Indian War was the seven-year struggle that was the

culmination of the conflicts between France and England in America. It was the American portion of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) between England and France in Europe. The name is confusing – why?

Duquesne (renaming it Fort Pitt) in 1758, Quebec in 1759,

and then Montreal in 1760.
In 1763, the war ended when Britain, France and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris. Terms of the treaty?
In 1763, Native Americans, inspired by the anti-British message of a Lenni-Lenape (Delaware) prophet named Neolin, and led by the Ottawa chieftain Pontiac, destroyed every British post west of the Appalachians with the exceptions of Niagara, Pitt, and Detroit.

ruled until 1820). The ruling sentiment was that the colonies

should be obliged to pay for their own expenses, rather than depending on the mother county (England).
the Proclamation Act of 1763, forbidding colonists from settling west of Appalachians and forcing them to stop buying land from Indians. The logic behind the Proclamation Act - as long as the colonists stayed in the colonies and had nothing to do with Indians, there should be peace.

corn, rice, indigo, and wheat, but the Proclamation Act confined

them to the land they already had in the colonies- was detrimental to their growth.
The first true crisis began around 1763 when Parliament allocated money to maintain a standing army in the colonies. More than 1500 ships began to patrol American waters.

mandated that "all such officers and soldiers ... be furnished

and supplied ... with fire, candles, vinegar, and salt, bedding, utensils ... without paying anything for the same."

as leader in the British House of Commons - taxed

paper, lead, paint, and tea in colonies
In 1768, Massachusetts wrote a letter to the British endorsed) by New Hampshire, Virginia, Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Georgia, and South Carolina.
Next, the colonists boycotted British goods. The boycott was very effective. British imports fell from 2,157,218 pounds to 1,336,122 pounds between 1768 and 1769.
Britain repealed the Townshend Acts, but the tea tax remained. This would explode on the night of December 16, 1773, when the Boston Tea Party occurred.

were accustomed to much independence and self-determination, and British efforts

(led by the Tory political party in England) to regulate and tax were bitterly opposed by the colonies (and by the Whig political party in England; the conservative Edmund Burke was a British politician who sided with the American colonists).
(2) British burdens hurt nearly all the colonists in all walks of life.
(3) Taxes hit at a bad time: postwar depression.
(4) Legally, colonies disagreed with "virtual representation."
(5) Religious reasons: many colonists disliked Anglicans (and Catholics), and feared England would install an Anglican bishop.
(6) Colonists disliked English class distinctions.
(7) 1/3 of colonists were not even English, and thus felt no attachment to the British.
(8) Colonists accepted John Locke's philosophy of natural rights and a social contract, which conflicted with rule by a monarchy.
(9) Colonists saw a bright prospect for their future.