Ancient Egypt

History 18-11

the African continent and is connected with the Anterior Asia

by the isthmus of Suez. In ancient times, Egypt was understood as a valley formed by the lower reaches of the Nile. From the North Egypt was limited by the Mediterranean sea, from the West-the Libyan plateau, from the East-the Arabian (Eastern) highlands, from the South-the 1st Nile threshold. It was divided into Upper Egypt (the Nile valley proper) and Lower Egypt (the Delta region, the wide mouth of the Nile with several branches, resembling a triangle in its shape).TUTANKHAMUN

(6671 km), is formed from the confluence of the White

Nile, which flows from the lakes of Tropical Africa, and the Blue Nile, originating in lake Tana in the Ethiopian highlands; in its course it passes six rapids and branched mouth flows into the Mediterranean sea. Annual floods, beginning in mid-July and reaching a peak in the autumn, after the spring retreat leave a layer of fertile silt on the Nile banks, which creates extremely favorable conditions for agriculture. The Nile is the main transport artery connecting all parts of the valley with each other and with the Mediterranean sea. With almost no rain (except in the Delta), it is the only source of moisture. No wonder the Egyptians deified their river and called Egypt " the gift of the Nile.“ Kapsultanova Guldana History 18-11

Egyptian civilization was the desert. On the one hand, it

contributed to its isolation, preventing contacts with neighboring peoples, and bore it a constant threat, sending hostile tribes and sandstorms; the Egyptians had to fight it all the time, creating obstacles to the advancing Sands and winning from it the necessary areas for agriculture. On the other hand, a column of warm air forming over the desert provided access for most of the year to the valley by the North wind from the Mediterranean, which enriched it with plant-feeding salts and maintained a humid and temperate climate; only in April and may did the withering South-easterly Khamsin wind strike Egypt.

4 thousand BC). At the beginning of the 4th Millennium

BC sedentary agricultural lifestyle became dominant among the tribes of the Nile valley (amrat and negad cultures). There is a significant increase in population – the number and size of settlements are increasing, they are surrounded by walls. The use of copper is expanding (not only for jewelry, but also for tools); there are objects of gold. Social differentiation is still in the making.

In the middle of 4 thousand BC Egypt enters the

period of the developed copper age. This era is also called the gersei (from the village of gersei, near which the Eneolithic settlement was excavated). Gersei finally move to settlement; the leading role in their lives is played by cattle breeding and agriculture, the progress of which leads to the emergence of property inequality; the main wealth is considered to be cattle. The agricultural community is transformed from the ancestral community into the neighbor community; social differentiation takes place in it. There is a layer of "noble", formed from the military elite (the defenders of the tribe-the leader, the strongest warriors), the property elite (the most wealthy and enterprising community members), Ministers of worship. This layer dominates the bulk of farmers and pastoralists.

dynasties. The lower Egyptian and upper Egyptian kingdoms waged constant

wars for control of the border areas. The military confrontation ended with the defeat of Lower Egypt by the upper Egyptian king Narmer around 3200 BC and the creation of a single Egyptian power. Narmer United the red crown of Lower Egypt and the white crown of Upper Egypt. The dynasty of Narmer ("Zero") became the first ruling dynasty obsesively.

epochs: First (beginning 4 thousand BC) and Second (middle 4

thousand BC) pre – dynastic periods; early Kingdom (32-29 centuries BC); Ancient Kingdom (28-23 centuries BC); first transition period (23-21 centuries BC); Middle Kingdom (21-18 centuries BC); Second transition period (late 18-mid 16 centuries BC); New Kingdom (16-11 centuries BC); Third transition period (11-10 centuries BC);

ruler chosen by the gods to lead his people. They

believed that when a man became a pharaoh, he also became a god. To keep the bloodline of the gods pure, pharaohs often married their sisters, mothers, and cousin

Main

main page

built the pyramids The Middle Kingdom When training and military

explorers were sent out to expand Egypt’s boundaries The New Kingdom Ending with Queen Cleopatra losing her land to Augustus Caesar and Rome

that they could exchange in the marketplace for the products

they needed. Agriculture was a major trade and many workers were farmers. Boys learned a trade from their fathers, and girls were taught to care for the home and family by their mothers. Women and girls wore straight, sheath-like dresses of rough, unbleached linen. Men and boys wore short cloth kilts. Their homes were usually one-story made out of sun-dried brick. There would be a basement and four rooms. They had little furniture. Stairs led to the flat rooftop so that the family could enjoy the cool night air after the sun went down.

Main

main page

Boy King”. He became pharaoh when he was nine years

old. During the year 1350 B.C. He lived in a beautiful palace in the city of Thebes. He had servants who did everything for him. They believed him to be a god.

Beautiful figures sculpted from wood, ivory, bronze, gold, and turquoise

have been found in tombs. One of the most famous sculptures in the world is the head of Queen Nefertiti. Another famous work of art is the Great Sphinx, a huge statue of a man’s head on a lion’s body, which guards the pyramids near Giza.

of his palace, where he sat on a throne of

gold, silver, and jewels, and wore a heavy gold headpiece shaped like a flame. Ambassadors from foreign countries came to bow before him and bring him riches. Egyptians came to him to settle their disputes. He led his people in a three-hour a day worship ceremony. He had a formal dinner in the evening, then visited with his wife, Ankheshamen, who was two years younger than he.

No one really knows if he died from an accident,

illness, or his enemies. His burial chamber was found by Britain's Howard Carter in 1922. The treasures of King Tut’s tomb can be seen today in Cairo, Egypt.