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ASEPSIS

General principles of asepsis were accepted after Joseph Lister (Father of antiseptic surgery) studied prevention of wound infection(1865-1891).

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Слайд 1ASEPSIS

ASEPSIS

Слайд 2General principles of asepsis were accepted after Joseph Lister (Father

of antiseptic surgery) studied prevention of wound infection(1865-1891).

General principles of asepsis were accepted after Joseph Lister (Father of antiseptic surgery) studied prevention of wound

Слайд 3 DEFINITIONS
CLEANING - It is a process which removes visible

contamination but does not necessarily destroy micro organisms. It is

necessary prerequisite for effective disinfection or sterilization.

ASEPSIS -Term used to describe methods which prevent contamination of wounds and other sites, by ensuring that only sterile object and fluids come into contact with them.



DEFINITIONSCLEANING - It is a process which removes visible contamination but does not necessarily destroy micro

Слайд 4DISINFECTION - it is a process which reduces the number

of viable microorganisms to an acceptable level but may not

inactive some viruses and bacterial spores.

STERLIZATION - it is the process of destruction or removal of all microorganisms from article, surface or medium, including spores.
DISINFECTION - it is a process which reduces the number of viable microorganisms to an acceptable level

Слайд 5 To achieve sterilization of any instrument three definite stages are

to be completed-

Pre sterilization cleaning
Sterilization process
Aseptic storage

To achieve sterilization of any instrument three definite stages are to be completed-	Pre sterilization cleaning	Sterilization process	Aseptic storage

Слайд 6PRESTERILIZATION CLEANING
Removal of the organic matters, blood and saliva which

provide protective barrier for microorganisms and prevents its destruction.

There are

three methods for cleaning
-Manual
-Ultrasonic
-Mechanical washing

PRESTERILIZATION CLEANING	Removal of the organic matters, blood and saliva which provide protective barrier for microorganisms and prevents

Слайд 7MANUAL CLEANING
Simplest and the cheapest method, but time consuming and

difficult to achieve.
Heavy duty gloves and glasses must be worn

to protect needle stick injury and to protect eye.
Material used for manual cleaning
-Soaps
-Detergents

MANUAL CLEANINGSimplest and the cheapest method, but time consuming and difficult to achieve.Heavy duty gloves and glasses

Слайд 8ULTRASONIC CLEANING
Principle- conversion of electrical energy into vibratory sound waves

which pass through a soap solution containing the instrument.

Used mainly for burs, bone files, bone cutter, artery forceps, saw etc.
ULTRASONIC CLEANINGPrinciple- conversion of electrical energy into vibratory sound waves which pass through a soap solution containing

Слайд 9MECHANICAL WASHING
Principle- High-pressure jets of water with or without a

detergent which removes debris from instrument.
Small instrument like burs,

blade are not suitable for this type of cleaning.

MECHANICAL WASHINGPrinciple- High-pressure jets of water with or without a detergent which removes debris from instrument. Small

Слайд 10Classification of the method of sterilization
A. PHYSICAL
Heat a)

Dry b) Moist
Irradiation
CHEMICAL a) Gas b) Liquid antiseptics

Classification of the method of sterilizationA.   PHYSICAL 	Heat a) Dry b) MoistIrradiation CHEMICAL  a)

Слайд 11A. DRY HEAT
Killing is due to :

- Dehydration and oxidation of organisms
- Protein denaturation
-

Toxic effects of elevated levels of electrolytes
A.  DRY HEAT 	Killing is due to :   - Dehydration and oxidation of organisms	-

Слайд 12Hot air oven :
It is used to sterilize items, which

do not get damaged by high temp. such as laboratory

glass, instruments with sharp cutting edges, scissors, clamps
Hot air oven :It is used to sterilize items, which do not get damaged by high temp.

Слайд 13Temp. & Time: The sterilization is complete if these

two factors are achieved throughout the load.

Temp. & Time:  The sterilization is complete if these two factors are achieved throughout the load.

Слайд 14Moist heat
Causes denaturation and coagulation of proteins.
AUTOCLAVE :
Steam is

the effective means of sterilization, because of its
1. High penetrating

capacity.
2. It gives of large amount of heat to surface with which it comes in contact.
3. To achieve sterility, a holding time of at least 30 minutes at 120 °C or 20 minutes at 132 °C at 1,1 above atmospheric pressure is required.

Moist heat 	Causes denaturation and coagulation of proteins.AUTOCLAVE :	Steam is the effective means of sterilization, because of

Слайд 15Sterilization control of the moist heat
Physical Indicator- an alloy

designed to melt only after being subjected to relevant holding

time.
Chemical indicator- Strips or tapes that change color once the correct conditions have been met.
Bacteriological test – detection of bacterial clumps on the instrument after its streilization
Sterilization control of the moist heat Physical Indicator- an alloy designed to melt only after being subjected

Слайд 16IRRADIATION
Radiation used of two types
Ionizing radiation, e.g., X-rays,

gamma rays, and high speed electrons .
Non-ionizing radiation, e.g. ultraviolet

light, and infrared light.
These forms of radiation can be used to kill or inactivate microorganisms.
IRRADIATION Radiation used of two types Ionizing radiation, e.g., X-rays, gamma rays, and high speed electrons .Non-ionizing

Слайд 17Ionizing Radiation
X-rays, gamma rays are highly lethal to DNA

and other vital constituents.
They have high penetration power.
There is no

appreciable increase in temperature, thus referred to as cold sterilization.
Commercial plants use gamma radiation for sterilizing plastics, syringes, swabs, catheters etc.
Ionizing Radiation 	X-rays, gamma rays are highly lethal to DNA and other vital constituents.	They have high penetration

Слайд 182. Non-ionizing radiation

Two types of non-ionizing radiations are used

for sterilization:-
A. Ultraviolet -
Short range UV(UVC) is considered “germicidal UV”.
UV

will destroy micro-organismal DNA.
Used mainly for air purification and water purification in hospitals.
B. Infrared –
It is most commonly used to purify air, such as in the operating room. Infrared is effective, however, it has no penetrating ability.

2. Non-ionizing radiation 	Two types of non-ionizing radiations are used for sterilization:-A. Ultraviolet -	Short range UV(UVC) is

Слайд 19ETHYLENE OXIDE STERILIZATION (ETO)
Used almost exclusively to sterilize medical products

that cannot be steam sterilized or sensitive to radiation.
Mechanism

of action: It destroys micro-organisms by alkylation and cause denaturation of nucleic acids of micro-organisms.
Plastics, rubber & photographic equipments can be sterilized by this method.
Also used for mass sterilization of disposable items, plastic syringes,needles,catheters,blades etc..
ETHYLENE OXIDE STERILIZATION (ETO)Used almost exclusively to sterilize medical products that cannot be steam sterilized or sensitive

Слайд 20B. CHEMICAL
Phenol Derivatives: Phenol, Cresol, Resorcinol, Chloroxylenol
Oxidizing

agents :Pot.Permanganate, Hydrogen Peroxide, Benzoyol Peroxide
Halogens : Iodine, Chlorine


Biguanide : Chlorhexidine
Alcohols : Ethanol, Isopropanol.
Aldehydes : Formaldehyde
Acids : Boric acid, acetic acid
Metallic salts ; Silver Nitrate, Zince Sulfate,
B.  CHEMICAL Phenol Derivatives: Phenol, Cresol, Resorcinol, Chloroxylenol Oxidizing agents :Pot.Permanganate, Hydrogen Peroxide, Benzoyol Peroxide Halogens

Слайд 21Mechanism of action of chemical disinfectants :
Mechanism of action is

nonspecific and complex:
Cell membrane injury.
Coagulation and Denaturation.


Mechanism of action of chemical disinfectants :	Mechanism of action is nonspecific and complex:Cell membrane injury.Coagulation and Denaturation.

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