Classification o f functional styles

diverse printed matter and samples of practically any style are

to be found on newspaper pages, including official documents and scientific articles ;
different genres of newspaper articles perform different functions.
= There is no newspaper style, but a conglomerate of specimens of different styles in the English newspapers.

side by side between the covers of one book ;
official

documents are never published intact, in full (a journalist rewrites what he believes are the most essential parts of a document in his own words, quoting from the original text);
articles on scientific problems are not written by specialists (“by / from our science correspondent”), i.e., original information is adapted to the needs of the newspaper and subjected to the norms of NS

and functionally conditioned system of interrelated language means that serves

the purpose of informing the reader of the events of the day and instructing him as to the evaluation of such events.

of present-day English.
Is a socially conditioned and functionally oriented linguistic

unit.
There are 2 interrelated functions of NS:
the informative
and the evaluative.

All genres are evaluative, but in different degree.

element: vital issue, informed sources, top priority);
special terms and special

vocabulary, political vocabulary (republic, summit talks, names of political parties and diplomatic terms);
abbreviations: frequent, familiar. In announcements and ads – clipped words: (1 bedr apt Feb).

situational, require context: Drainpipe rescue for children);
emotive vocabulary: words with

emotive meaning and connotation, colloquialisms and slang units (esp. - in headlines);
periphrases and metonymy (White House demands… the Kremlin refuses…);
allusions to current facts, historical events;
small paragraphs;

other special fields:
sport: a dark horse, to win a race,

to hit below the belt;
military: to attack, to be under fire, to catch flak;
foreign words and barbarisms: status quo, per capita, persona non grata;
neologisms: stagflation, to black – to boycott;
graphic means (esp. in popular press);

word order (esp. in brief news items);
violation of the sequence

of tenses rules (in news stories);
the most common stylistic devices are
repetition, allusion, periphrasis, simile, epithet, metaphor, metonymy, decomposition of phraseological units + word-building means

the public just now as a natural Santa Claus. More

like Scrooge.
‘Pie in the sky’ is too colourless a phrase to describe Mr. N’s closing speech to the Tory party conference. It was more like caviar in the stratosphere. He set a new record for the gap between promises and performance.
Where there is a bill, there is a way.

its choice and change
to give a hint about the contents
to

preserve enigma

Three-Power-Nuclear-Test-Ban Talks in Geneva

Moscow silent on Paris talks;
Interrogative sentences: What oils the wheels

of industry?
Full declarative sent-s: Policeman finds girl in river;
Phrasal verbs (brevity): Keeping prices down;
Stone-wall constructions: Baby death rate drop;
Set expressions: Don’t cry over spilt milk;

words are coined:
Teascape: Two prisoners have escaped from a

police station first floor cell by digging their way out with a teaspoon.
Alliteration: catches the reader’s eye and holds his attention:
Karen, In Bed Beats the Bailiffs.

words: ban, bid, crash, hit;
emotional vocabulary: fury, sad;
colloquialisms, slang

units, vulgar words,
trite metaphors and similes: rising like a Phoenix;
metonymy.

a news story when one long part is over, for

the reader to follow.

A jumphead – the headline of a part of a news story or article, which is continued from the preceding page. It is a modification of the original HL:
(Act To Set Warren Free – Free Warren)

is accounted for by several reasons:
historical,
technical (limitations of

space)
and pragmatic (catch the reader’s eye).
Usually range from 1 to 4-5 sentences;
As a rule are anonymous.

and Pr. Perf.;
sequences of tenses is sometimes violated
Vocabulary features:
cliches.

more complex the syntactical structure;
the BNI contain
verbal constructions,
compressed

syntactical structures,
in order to cram into 1 sentence as much information as possible.

importance (where, when, how).

Hence the rule of 5 W’s:
Who

– What – Why/How – Where – When
S - P(O) - Adv. modifiers of reason, manner, place and time

a subjective character in their interpretation of events.
Consequently:
emotional colouring

wide use of various SDs;
special terms;
phraseology.

question
are extremely diverse in subject-matter (politics, society, economy, science, art,

literature, medicine, education, household matters, latest fashion, etc.);
elements of different styles + different groups of specific vocabulary.

comment on the political and other facts of the day;
the

main purpose:
to give an adequate interpretation of the news
in line with the stand of the editors
and with the policy of those who back the paper.
The function – to influence / form the reader’s opinion by
logical argumentation (reasoning) + appeal to the reader’s senses (rather than to his mind).

page.

The purpose of an ad or announcement –

to inform the reader.

marriages, deaths, in memoriam, business offers, personal, situations / positions

vacant);
the structure is absolutely identical (clichés);
elliptical sentences, absence of articles and prepositions (economize space!);
the vocabulary is neutral (but for personal ads).

and linguistic means;
are commonly printed in separate boxes, sometimes with

a picture in ¼, ½ or a full page, [possess] various shapes and colours.
Elliptical, interrogative, exclamatory sentences are used to convey a kind of personal touch, direct address: Think of buying a home?