COURSE STUDENT SAIFI MOHD IMRAN Scientific Leader ANNA ZHUKOVA Phylogenetic

Scientific Leader
ANNA

ZHUKOVA

Phylogenetic disorders of Respiratory system

Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky of Vernadsky CFU

DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL BIOLOGY

the premature infant, in which a membrane composed of proteins

and dead cells lines the alveoli (the tiny air sacs in the lung), making gas exchange difficult or impossible. The word "hyaline" comes from the Greek word "hyalos" meaning "glass or transparent stone such as crystal." The membrane in hyaline membrane disease looks glassy.

(RDS). It is caused by a deficiency of a molecule

called surfactant.
RDS almost always occurs in newborns born before 37 weeks of gestation. The more premature the baby is, the greater is the chance of developing RDS. RDS is more likely to occur in newborns of diabetic mothers.
Surfactant, a mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins, is secreted by lung cells. The air-fluid interface of the film of water lining the alveoli of the lung (where the exchange of oxygen and CO2 occurs) exerts large forces that cause the alveoli to close if surfactant is deficient. Lung compliance is decreased, and the work of inflating the stiff lungs is increased

ribs are more easily deformed (compliant). Breathing efforts therefore result in deep

sternal (breastbone) retractions but poor air entry if the ribs are compliant compared with the lungs. This results in diffuse atelectasis (collapse of the lungs).
Rapid, labored, grunting respirations usually develop immediately or within a few hours after delivery, with retractions above and below the breastbone and flaring of the nostrils. The extent of atelectasis (lung collapse) and the severity of respiratory failure progressively worsen.

extremely low birth weight newborns (i.e., < 1000 g) may

be unable to initiate respirations at birth because their lungs are so stiff; they may fail to initiate breathing in the delivery room.

fetal lung maturity to determine the optimal time for delivery.

When a fetus must be delivered prematurely, giving betamethasone systemically to the mother for at least 24 hours before delivery induces fetal surfactant production and usually reduces the risk of RDS or decreases its severity.

and death. However, if the newborn's ventilation is adequately supported,

surfactant production will begin and RDS will resolve by 4 or 5 days. Recovery is hastened by treatment with pulmonary surfactant.

a baby's lungs are not fully developed and cannot provide

enough oxygen, causing breathing difficulties. It usually affects premature babies.
It's also known as infant respiratory distress syndrome, hyaline membrane disease or surfactant deficiency lung disease.
Despite having a similar name, NRDS is not related to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

birth and get worse over the following few days.
They can

include:
blue-coloured lips, fingers and toes
rapid, shallow breathing
flaring nostrils
a grunting sound when breathing

NRDS and rule out other possible causes.
These include:
a physical examination
blood

tests to measure the amount of oxygen in the baby's blood and check for an infection
a pulse oximetry test to measure how much oxygen is in the baby's blood using a sensor attached to their fingertip, ear or toe
a chest X-ray to look for the distinctive cloudy appearance of the lungs in NRDS