DEVELOPMENT OF ANCIENT (ANTIQUE) PHILOSOPHY. ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME

their founders
Recommended readings

for only one socio-cultural regions of the ancient world -

Greece and Rome
In this tandem decisive role belongs to Ancient Greece (from the late 7th century BC - 6thcentury BC)

word “cosmocentrism” came from the Greek word of "space –

order, formation“
Cosmocentrism studies the problems of being and existence.

into 4 distinct periods:
Natural philosophy (VI-V century BC)
Classic (V-IV century

BC)
Hellenistic (IV century BC - VI century AD)
Roman period (1st century BC - 6th century BC)

(Фалес)
He believed that the original world was water
Anaximander (6th century

BC): the original world was a chaos
Anaximenes (6th century BC): primitive matter was an air

is fire”
“Everything flows - everything changes”
Heraclitus was the first founder

of dialectic

(вести рассуждения)
A method of reasoning in philosophy, as well as

the form and method of reflective theoretical thinking
Reflective or critical thinking, aimed at deciding what to trust and what to do

a secret order
It took only a few members

Parmenides
He founded the doctrine of being
He was the first

who discovered that the earth is spherical: a huge, solid ball, still resting in the center of the world
Parmenides denied the motion

believed that everything is made of atoms moving in empty

space
Atoms are indivisible (неделимый) substance
Substance (latin word “substantia” - essence, is what lies at the heart)

399 BC)
The main contribution to the development of the

Socratic school of philosophy became a method of maieutics (майеветика)
The essence of this method was that, the logical devices (приемы) and leading (наводящие) questions can bring the interlocutor (собеседник) to self determination of the truth
Socrates drew attention to the problem of man

revolution in values
He said that the true value is not

a health and beauty - there were mind and knowledge
Lack of reason and knowledge can cause harm to the individual
According to Socrates dialectic - is the ability to converse, finding truth through the clash of opposite ideas
Well known expression of Socrates: "I know that I know nothing"

the world into two parts
The first part - this is

what we see, perceive (воспринимать) by the senses: this world is changeable thing
The second part - that's what can be achieved through your mind: it is eternal and unchanging existence or the world of ideas

philosophy of idealism
His main work was the "State", which deals

with issues of political structure of the state
The ideal state, according to Plato, must submit the following classes:
1 class - Wise men - governors 
2 class - Soldiers – defenders
3 class - Farmers and artisans

Academy of Plato
Aristotle's famous phrase: "Plato is my friend, but

the truth is expensive"
He founded his own school – lyceum
Aristotle made a huge contribution to the study of logic. He was the founder of this doctrine
Logic (Greek word) - a branch of philosophy, "the science of right thinking", "the art of reasoning"

and
divided them into three groups:
Theoretical (knowledge for the sake (ради)

of knowledge)
Practical (the leading ideas for the behavior of people)
Creative (knowledge for reaching something - or beauty)

He advocated private property, he said, "people - it's a

social animal"
Polity, according to Aristotle, is the best political system. Polity consisted of:
- Middle class
- Moderate (умеренная) oligarchy
- Democracy

in quality of principle of thinking
School of Epicureans
Founder: Epicurus
The main

principle of Epicurus - is enjoying life
At the school of Epicurus hung the inscription: "You are stranger would be good here, pleasure is the highest good"

rejection of unwanted desires
He divided the people's desires into 3

types:
- Natural and necessary (food, water, shelter)
- Unnatural but necessary (wealth, fame)
- Unnatural and unnecessary

and ethics
This knowledge is known and compared with orchard (фруктовый

сад) of philosophy:
- logic meets the fence that protects it
- Physics is a growing tree
- Ethics - the fruit

is characterized by the proliferation of Skeptics and Stoic philosophy
Its

outstanding representatives were:
- Cicero
- Lucretius
- Seneca
- Marcus Aurelius

сочинений в 4 т. М., 1990—1994
Фрагменты ранних греческих философов. /

Отв. ред. И. Д. Рожанский.- М. : Наука, 1989. — Ч. 1.
Асмус В. Ф. Античная философия. — М.: Высшая школа, 1999
Вернан Ж.-П. Происхождение древнегреческой мысли. — М.: Прогресс, 1988. — 221 с.

1997.
7. Целлер Э. Очерк истории греческой философии. Перевод С. Л. Франка. — СПб.: Алетейя,

1996.
8. Античная философия: Энциклопедический словарь. — М.: Прогресс-Традиция, 2008. — 896 с.