Features of pathology of the tropics. Classification of tropical

Peculiarities of course of infectious diseases in countries with tropical

climate

of theory and practice of
health protection in tropical countries

PROBLEMS:
1. Development

of studies about tropical illness
2. Questions of hygiene of tropics
3. Оrganization of health саre in the tropics

subequatorial, tropical and subtropical climatic zones between 23.5 degrees of

the Northern latitude and 23.5° of South latitude. This zone includes Africa, Australia, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Pacific Islands, South and Central America

(1500 - 3000 mm, in some places – up to

10000 mm). Thick multileveled forests, variety of flora and fauna (CONGO, KENYA)

dry and wet seasons. Domination of savanna, deciduous and evergreen

forests, deserts and semi-deserts (SUDAN, CHAD and MALI)

- 30 - 35°, distinguish the season of rains (summer)

and season of drought (winter). Deserts, semi-deserts, savanna, deciduous forests (LIBYA, ALGERIA, EGYPT)

summer) temperature condition, monsoon, expressed differences in the rainfall. Deserts,

semi-deserts and evergreen forests

fallouts in the tropical forests within
3000 - 5000

mm\ year, in deserts - up to 200 mm\ year,
- Fluctuation of temperature about 50° in a day,
- There are large temperature drop and freezing in mountains

social factors

body-temperature and electrolyte balance
Increased water consumption and high risk of

intestinal infections

Desorder of water - salt metabolism (lower acidity of gastric juice and decreased barrier function of the stomach)

High frequency of colds (temperature variation and decreased barrier function of the upper RT)

(including bloodsucking)
Simulium
Phlebotomus
Anopheles

of plants and animals

of infectious and invasion diseases (viruses of yellow,
Denge

fever, filarias)

4. Optimal habitat for development of geogelmints (ascariasis,
trichuris and other)

5. High variety of special vectors dwelling in a temperate
climate (anopheles mosquitoes)

6. Existence of some vectors is possible only in the
conditions of tropics (tse-tse flies, kissing bugs and other)

water (cholera, typhoid, dysentery, amebiasis, leptospirosis) , shellfishes (schistosomiasis), crawfish

cyclopses (dracunculosis), fishes (opisthorchiasis)

2. Development of special vectors - mosquitoes (malaria, filariasis, yellow
and denge fever), midges and other

opened reservoirs.
Using of reservoirs with a technical
purpose.

3.

Drinking of unboiled water by
majority of population.

4. Use in food of raw water plants (mint,
chestnut, nut, lotus), fish, crustaceas,
shellfishes.

5. Contamination of the rivers, ponds,
wells, soils by microbes and eggs of
helmints in the rain period.

6. Increase of concentration of the
contagious material in reservoirs in
the period of drought.

agricultural workers
2. Reservoir for multiplication of insects transmitting

infectious illnesses

SOLAR RADIATION

1. High frequency of sunburn and skin cancer
2. A radiation assists the sanation of environment

of
population (taking of unboiled water is a

reason of 50% of infectious diseases, absence of the sewage system, dirty hands, bad housing terms)
High death rate especially among children

High birth-rate - 4-5% in a year.

Insufficient nourishment (is albuminous
starvation, hypovitaminosis and pellagra)

registered among the peasants, brucellosis, anthrax, echinococal disease - among

nomads. Loggers and hunters, as a rule, suffer from yellow fever and cutaneous leishmaniasis, plantation workers – from larva migrans.

of blood in the boys urine in
schistosomiasis is

regarded as evidence of sexual
maturity)

7. Underdeveloped medicine, centralization
of hospitals in cities and their absence in the
villages, the remoteness of villages from each other
impede the provision of medical assistance
(10 000 - 60 000 persons per 1 physician in rural
area)

filariasis- 250 million; schistosomiasis - 270 million; leprosy 12 million)
Medical

feature of tropical diseases

Infectious tropical diseases

Nonifectious tropical diseases

Tropical diseases of unknown origin

- Connecting with the
direct action of the environment; - Connecting with the effect of natural and social factors; - Genetic diseases;
- Other therapeutic diseases

Cardiac fibrosis

Cardio myopathy

Kaposhi sarcoma

- Malignant tumor
of lymphatic system

Registrated only in
tropics



In tropics and outside
the tropics

(the deficit of power, hypovitaminosis
and

others).
2. Massiveness of the infection. 3. Early age of primary infection. 4. The direct influence of the original
conditions of the environment.
5. Possibility to get several species of
parasites – polyparasitism
(2, 3 and more worms or worm
infections with bacterial infection).
6. Subclinical or obliterated course of
many diseases in the population of
endemic foci due to constant contacts
with pathogenic microorganism
and the development of immunity.

and other).

8. Chronization of many diseases.
9. Unusual course of some

infections
(skin diphtheria –often,
pharyngeal diphtheria - rarely ).

10. Presence of some diseases
prevents contamination of other
diseases (anemia S and C
prevents malaria infection).

11. Combination of some infections
provokes development of tumors
(EBV+malaria provokes Berkit’s
lymphoma).

cases of unclear fever appoint
antimalarial drugs.
2. In the

treatment of all infectious
diseases simultaneously appoint
antimalarial drugs.

3. Before a surgical operation appoint antimalarial drugs.

4. Before the surgical operation examine the patient at
helminthiasis and treat him.

5. After reviling a single parasite continue to search of
other pathogens

trypanosomiasis

countries is necessary total medical examination
2.Vaccination against typhoid, paratyphoids, tetanus,

polio,
yellow fever, cholera, hepatitis A.

3. Follow measures of food hygiene (boiling, chlorination and
filtration of water, thermal processing of vegetables and
fruits).

4. Chemical prophylaxis of malaria and sleeping sickness
(West and Central Africa).

5. Protection from the bites of insects (mechanical
protection, canopies impregnated mosquito
repellents, measures of chemical protection –
the use of insecticides and repellents).