Gender Differences in Language

Содержание

1. Gender Differences in Language
2. 1. Genderlect: limitations of previous research/ present
3. Genderlect - a variety of speech or
4. Differences in the ways that men and
5. Mulac, Weimann, Widenmann, & Gibson, 1988) found
6. One striking result reported by Mehl and
7. Many previous studies have had fewer than
8. Based on two methodological developments1. Linguistic Inquiry
9. LIWCIt cannot detect the context or underlying
10. The second methodological development has been the
11. Different words Different phrases.Different sentences.Different messages.Comparison with Previous Research
12. Differences Brain Anatomy and Physiology9 Differences Between the Male and Female Brain
13. The male brain is typically about 10% larger than the female brain.1. Brain size
14. Many men are sharply left-brain dominant, while
15. Women tend to be group-oriented, and apt
16. The inferior-parietal lobule, which controls numerical brain
17. When faced with stressful situations, men usually
18. Women often excel at language-based tasks for
19. Since women tend to have a larger
20. The parietal region is thicker in the
21. Men are more likely to be dyslexic
22. John Grey “Men Are From Mars Women Are From Venus”Mars-and-Venus theory
23. The Martian and Venusian languages had the
24. For example, when a woman says :
25. To fully express their feelings, women assume
26. "You don't love me any more“It means:“Today
27. I have given you the best years
28. The big challenge for men is correctly
29. It means "I don't know what to
30. Слайд 30
31. Скачать презентанцию

1. Genderlect: limitations of previous research/ present study 2. Differences in brain anatomy and physiology 3. Mars-and-Venus theory 4. The root cause of language gender differences5. Speech practices associated with gender

Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 1Gender Differences in Language

Слайд 21. Genderlect: limitations of previous research/ present study 2. Differences in

brain anatomy and physiology 3. Mars-and-Venus theory 4. The root cause of

language gender differences
5. Speech practices associated with gender 6. Gender differences reflected in English 7. Gender-specific vocabulary

Outline of the lecture

1. Genderlect: limitations of previous research/ present study 2. Differences in brain anatomy and physiology 3. Mars-and-Venus

Слайд 3Genderlect - a variety of speech or conversational style used

by a particular gender.
1. Genderlect: limitations of previous research/ present

study

Genderlect - a variety of speech or conversational style used by a particular gender.1. Genderlect: limitations of

Слайд 4Differences in the ways that men and women use language

have long been of interest in the study of discourse.
Men

and women have different semantic goals in mind when they construct sentences.

Previous research

Differences in the ways that men and women use language have long been of interest in the

Слайд 5Mulac, Weimann, Widenmann, & Gibson, 1988) found that questions are

more common in women’s speech.
Thomson and Murachver’s (2001) study of

e-mail communication found that men and women were equally likely to ask questions; offer compliments, apologies, and opinions
However, the study did confirm that men used more words overall, whereas women used longer sentences

Previous research

Mulac, Weimann, Widenmann, & Gibson, 1988) found that questions are more common in women’s speech.Thomson and Murachver’s

Слайд 6One striking result reported by Mehl and Pennebaker (2003) was

that womenwere more likely to use first-person singular

However, the word

“I” intuitively connotes individualism or selfishness, which fits the male stereotype better than the female stereotype.

Previous research

One striking result reported by Mehl and Pennebaker (2003) was that womenwere more likely to use first-person

Слайд 7Many previous studies have had fewer than 50 participants per

cell. Larger samples are often difficult to collect when each

sample must be hand coded
Previous study focused attention toward features of language that can be easily related to gender stereotypes (e.g., hedges), potentially missing differences in less obvious language categories (e.g., pronouns)

Limitations

Many previous studies have had fewer than 50 participants per cell. Larger samples are often difficult to

Слайд 8Based on two methodological developments

1. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count

(LIWC; Pennebaker, Francis, & Booth, 2001)
LIWC analyzes text samples on

a word-by-word basis and compares each to a dictionary of over 2,000 words divided into 74 linguistic categories. Output is expressed as a percentage of the total words in the text sample.

Present study

Based on two methodological developments1. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC; Pennebaker, Francis, & Booth, 2001) LIWC analyzes

Слайд 9LIWC
It cannot detect the context or underlying meaning of words.

It fails to appreciate sarcasm or irony

E.g., the word “mad”

is currently categorized as an anger word.
“I’m mad about you” (suggesting positive emotion)
“mad as a hatter” (indicative of mental health problems)

LIWCIt cannot detect the context or underlying meaning of words. It fails to appreciate sarcasm or ironyE.g.,

Слайд 10The second methodological development has been the creation of a

text archive itself.
over 500,000 text files
samples of books, poems, song

lyrics, and other art forms
This research has the opportunity to observe gender differences on a much larger scale than has been attempted in the past

Present study

The second methodological development has been the creation of a text archive itself.over 500,000 text filessamples of

Слайд 11Different words
Different phrases.
Different sentences.
Different messages.

Comparison with Previous Research

Слайд 12Differences Brain Anatomy and Physiology
9 Differences Between the Male and

Female Brain

Слайд 13The male brain is typically about 10% larger than the

female brain.
1. Brain size

Слайд 14Many men are sharply left-brain dominant, while women tend to

be more evenly balanced between left and right-brain processing.
2.

Brain hemispheres

Many men are sharply left-brain dominant, while women tend to be more evenly balanced between left and

Слайд 15Women tend to be group-oriented, and apt to seek solutions

by talking through issues. Men can have trouble picking up

on emotional cues unless they’re clearly verbalized

3. Relationships

Women tend to be group-oriented, and apt to seek solutions by talking through issues. Men can have

Слайд 16The inferior-parietal lobule, which controls numerical brain function, is larger

in males than in females
4. Mathematical skills

Слайд 17When faced with stressful situations, men usually employ ‘fight or

flight’ tactics, while women use a ‘tend or befriend’ response

that is rooted in their natural instincts for caring for their children and establishing strong group bonds.

5. Stress

When faced with stressful situations, men usually employ ‘fight or flight’ tactics, while women use a ‘tend

Слайд 18Women often excel at language-based tasks for two reasons: two

brain areas that deal with language are larger in females,

and females process language in both hemispheres while males favor a single brain half.

6. Language

Women often excel at language-based tasks for two reasons: two brain areas that deal with language are

Слайд 19Since women tend to have a larger deep limbic system

then men, they’re more in touch with their feelings and

are better at expressing their emotions.

7. Emotions

Since women tend to have a larger deep limbic system then men, they’re more in touch with

Слайд 20The parietal region is thicker in the female brain, making

it harder for them to mentally rotate objects – an

important spatial skill. Women often report difficulty with spatial tasks, both on tests and in real life.

8. Spatial abilities

The parietal region is thicker in the female brain, making it harder for them to mentally rotate

Слайд 21Men are more likely to be dyslexic or have other

language disabilities, since they’re more often left-brain dominant.
9. Susceptibility to

brain function disorders

Men are more likely to be dyslexic or have other language disabilities, since they’re more often left-brain

Слайд 22John Grey “Men Are From Mars Women Are From Venus”

Mars-and-Venus

theory

Слайд 23The Martian and Venusian languages had the same words, but

the way they were used gave different meanings. Their expressions

were similar, but t hey had different connotations or emotional emphasis.

Men and women seldom mean the same things even when they use the same words.

Mars-and-Venus theory

The Martian and Venusian languages had the same words, but the way they were used gave different

Слайд 24For example, when a woman says :
"I

feel like you never listen,"
she does not expect the

word never to be taken literally. Using the word never is just a way of expressing the frustration she is feeling at the moment. It is not to be taken as if it were factual information.

Mars-and-Venus theory

Слайд 25To fully express their feelings, women assume poetic license and

use various
superlatives
metaphors
generalizations
Men mistakenly take these expressions literally.

To fully express their feelings, women assume poetic license and use various superlativesmetaphors generalizations Men mistakenly take

Слайд 26"You don't love me any more“

It means:
“Today I am feeling

as though you don't love me. I am afraid I

have pushed you away. I know you really do love me, you do so much for me. Today I am just feeling a little insecure. Would you reassure me of your love and tell me those three magic words, I love you. When you do that it feels so good “

Women say:

Слайд 27I have given you the best years of my life,

and you have given me nothing. You used me. You

are selfish and cold. You do what you want to do, for you and only you. You do not care about anybody. I was a fool for loving you. Now I have nothing."

Men hear