General Characteristics of Old English Grammar

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1. General Characteristics of Old English Grammar
2. There were the following parts
3. the verbthe adverbthe prepositionthe conjunctionthe interjection
4. There were 5 nominal grammatical
5. Verbal grammatical categories were not
6. The OE Noun OE noun has
7. Abstract nouns with suffix –þu
8. Nouns with suffix –ere were
9. OE wif (wife) was of
10. The category of number consisted of
11. The category of case had 4 members: Nominative, Genetive, Dative and Accusative.
12. System of Declension OE system
13. The stem-suffixes could consist of
14. The examples of declensional paradigms
15. The traces of a-stem declension
16. 2. –s (plural of nouns) goes
17. The OE Pronoun There were the
18. The grammatic categories were either
19. The Personal Pronouns The Personal
20. Слайд 20
21. The third-person personal pronouns had three genders, four cases, singular and plural.
22. The oblique cases of personal pronouns + adjective –self could serve as reflexive pronouns.
23. Demonstrative Pronouns There were
24. Слайд 24
25. Interrogative Pronouns hwā (who)
26. Indefinite pronouns Indefinite pronouns were many.ān
27. The OE Adjective OE adjectives
28. The category of case in
29. OE adjectives declined in two
30. Some endings in the strong
31. The weak declension used the
32. Most adjectives could be declined
33. The adjective had a strong
34. The weak form was employed
35. Слайд 35
36. But some adjectives were always
37. Weak declension had adjectives in the superlative and comparative degrees and the adjective ilca (same)
38. There existed also semantic difference
39. The weak forms had the
40. Degrees of Comparison OE adjectives had
41. Suffixes -ra and -est/-ost were
42. Sometimes suffixation was accompanied by
43. There were suppletive forms:Zod – bettra –
44. The OE Adverb OE adverbs were formed
45. 2) with the help of suffix –lice
46. 3) by adding suffix –es to the
47. Adverbs formed from the adjectives
48. The OE Verb The OE
49. The weak verbs were a
50. The number of strong verbs inherited
51. The Category of Tense All
52. The Category of Mood
53. The usage of the Subjunctive
54. Subjunctive was used not only
55. The Category of Person The Category of
56. The Category of Number The predicate agreed with the subject in number and person.
57. The Category of Voice
58. These verbs were mostly anomalous
59. The form hatte (Past, Singular), infinitive
60. e.g. þa bōc þe is
61. The Strong Verbs
62. I. ī
63. IV. ea > x
64. This group shows different patterns
65. The Weak Verbs
66. I. cepan cepte cepted (to keep)II. endian endode endod (to end)III. habban hxfde hxfd (to have)
67. The weak verbs are subdivided into
68. Class I Infinitive –an (seldom –ian)Past forms –de/-ede/-tParticiple II –d/-ed/-t
69. Subdivision:double consonants in the infinitive:temman – temede
70. Class II: Infinitive – ianPast – odeParticiple II – od
71. Class III: Infinitive – anNo vowel before dental suffixPast – deParticiple II –d
72. Preterite – Presents Verbs (past -
73. 7. witan (to know)8. þurfan (потребувати)9. Ze-nah (досить)10. duZan (годитися)11. munan (пам’ятати)12. unnan (ставитися прихильно)
74. Originally they belonged to the
75. But in the course of
76. They showed attitude to an action
77. Anomalous Verbs These verbs have
78. wish to rejoIt indicated an
79. Eventually willan became a modal verb.
80. Some verbs combined the features
81. Two OE verbs were suppletive: they
82. The Past tense was built from the root wesWesan – wxs – wxron - weren
83. Old English Verbals (Non-finite Forms of
84. The Infinitive It had
85. The form tō drifanne indicated
86. Uninflected Infinitive was used in
87. The Participle It had both verbal and nominal characteristics.
88. Participle I was opposed to Participle
89. Participle II has passive meaning
90. Participle I is formed from
91. Participle II has its own
92. Participles were used predicatively and
93. Ic nāt hwænne mine daZas
94. Скачать презентанцию

There were the following parts of speech in OE: the nounthe adjectivethe pronoun nominal parts of speechthe numeral

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General Characteristics of Old English Grammar

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Слайд 1 General Characteristics of Old English Grammar
OE was a

synthetic (inflected) language. The relations between words and expression of

other grammatical meanings were shown with the help of simple (synthetic) grammatical forms. Grammatical endings, or inflections, were the main form-building means.

General Characteristics of Old English Grammar OE was a synthetic (inflected) language. The relations

Слайд 2 There were the following parts of speech in

OE:
the noun
the adjective
the pronoun nominal parts of

speech
the numeral

There were the following parts of speech in OE: the nounthe adjectivethe pronoun

Слайд 3
the verb
the adverb
the preposition
the conjunction
the interjection

Слайд 4 There were 5 nominal grammatical categories:
number
case

gender
degrees of comparison
categories of definiteness/indefiniteness

Слайд 5 Verbal grammatical categories were not many:

tense
mood

number verbal categories proper
person

Слайд 6The OE Noun
OE noun has 2 grammatical categories:

number and case.
Nouns also distinguished three forms

of gender: masculine, feminine and neuter.

The OE Noun OE noun has 2 grammatical categories: number and case. Nouns also distinguished

Слайд 7 Abstract nouns with suffix –þu were feminine:

e.g. OE lenZru (length)

hyhþu (height)

Abstract nouns with suffix –þu were feminine: e.g. OE

Слайд 8 Nouns with suffix –ere were masculine:

OE fiscere (fisher)
bocere (learned

man)

Nouns with suffix –ere were masculine: OE fiscere (fisher)

Слайд 9 OE wif (wife) was of neuter gender

mxgden (maiden) was of neuter gender

OE wifman (woman) – masculine gender

OE wif (wife) was of neuter gender mxgden (maiden) was of neuter

Слайд 10 The category of number consisted of two members: singular

and plural.

singular, masculine sunu, lural – suna
singular, feminine hand,

plural – handa

The category of number consisted of two members: singular and plural.singular, masculine sunu, lural –

Слайд 11
The category of case had 4 members:

Nominative, Genetive, Dative and Accusative.

Слайд 12System of Declension
OE system of declension was based

on a number of distinctions:
the stem – suffix
the gender of

nouns
the phonetic structure of the word
phonetic changes in the final syllables.

System of Declension OE system of declension was based on a number of distinctions:the stem

Слайд 13 The stem-suffixes could consist of vowels (a-stems i-stems),

of consonants (n-stems), of sound sequences (-ja-stems, -nd-stems). Some groups

of nouns had no stem-forming suffix. They were called root-stems.

The stem-suffixes could consist of vowels (a-stems i-stems), of consonants (n-stems), of sound sequences (-ja-stems,

Слайд 14 The examples of declensional paradigms

Слайд 15 The traces of a-stem declension in Modern English:

’s

(possessive case) goes back to the genitive case singular of

masculine and neuter gender;

The traces of a-stem declension in Modern English:’s (possessive case) goes back to the genitive

Слайд 162. –s (plural of nouns) goes back to nominative

and accusative case plural of masculine gender nouns;
3. Uninflected

forms of plural in Modern E (like “sheep”, “deer”) come from the nouns of neuter gender of the long syllabus type.

2. –s (plural of nouns) goes back to nominative and accusative case plural of masculine gender

Слайд 17The OE Pronoun
There were the following classes of

pronouns in OE:
personal
demonstrative
interrogative

indefinite

The OE Pronoun There were the following classes of pronouns in OE: personal

Слайд 18 The grammatic categories were either similar to the

categories of the nouns (in pronouns-nouns) or to the adjectives

(adjective pronouns)
Relative, possessive and reflexive were not yet fully developed in OE.

The grammatic categories were either similar to the categories of the nouns (in pronouns-nouns) or

Слайд 19The Personal Pronouns
The Personal Pronouns had three persons,

three numbers, three genders in the third person.
The

first and the second-person personal pronouns declined through the four case system in singular and plural.

The Personal Pronouns The Personal Pronouns had three persons, three numbers, three genders in the

Слайд 20

Слайд 21 The third-person personal pronouns had three genders, four

cases, singular and plural.

Слайд 22 The oblique cases of personal pronouns + adjective

–self could serve as reflexive pronouns.

Слайд 23 Demonstrative Pronouns
There were the following demonstrative pronouns:

se (masculine) mou
þxt (neuter) me

seo (feminine) ma
Plural þa

Demonstrative Pronouns There were the following demonstrative pronouns: se (masculine) mou þxt

Слайд 24

Слайд 25 Interrogative Pronouns
hwā (who) (masculine and feminine)
hwæt

(what) (neuter)
They had four-case paradigm. The instrumental case

of hwæt was used as a separate interrogative word hwy (why). Such interrogative pronouns as hwelc, hwæþer (which) were used as adjective pronouns.

Interrogative Pronouns hwā (who) (masculine and feminine) hwæt (what) (neuter) They had

Слайд 26 Indefinite pronouns
Indefinite pronouns were many.
ān and its derivative æniZ (one,

any)
nān (none)
nānþinZ (nothing)
nawiht / nowiht / nōht (not)
hwæt – hwuZu

(something)

Indefinite pronouns Indefinite pronouns were many.ān and its derivative æniZ (one, any)nān (none)nānþinZ (nothing)nawiht / nowiht

Слайд 27The OE Adjective

OE adjectives had the

categories of numbers, gender and case, degrees of comparison and

definite/indefinite

The OE Adjective OE adjectives had the categories of numbers, gender and case, degrees of

Слайд 28 The category of case in adjectives differed from

that of nouns. They had one more case – Instrumental.

It was used when the adjective was an attribute to a noun in the Dative case expressing an instrumental meaning:
lytle werede – with (the help of) a small troop

The category of case in adjectives differed from that of nouns. They had one more

Слайд 29 OE adjectives declined in two ways: according to

the weak and according to the strong declension. The endings

of strong declension coincided with the endings of a-stems of nouns for adjectives in masculine and neuter and of o-stems in the feminine.

OE adjectives declined in two ways: according to the weak and according to the strong

Слайд 30 Some endings in the strong declension of adjectives

have no parallels in the noun paradigm; they are similar

to the endings of pronouns. The strong declension is called sometimes pronominal.

Some endings in the strong declension of adjectives have no parallels in the noun paradigm;

Слайд 31 The weak declension used the same ending as

n-stem nouns except in the Gen. Case, plural it was

-ra (but not -ena)

The weak declension used the same ending as n-stem nouns except in the Gen. Case,

Слайд 32 Most adjectives could be declined in both ways:

strong and weak. It was determined by:
the syntactical function of

the adjective
the degrees of comparison
the presence of noun determiners

Most adjectives could be declined in both ways: strong and weak. It was determined by:the

Слайд 33 The adjective had a strong form when used

predicatively and when used attributively without any determiners:
Þa menn sindon

Zode – the men are good
mid hnescre beddinZe – with soft bedding

The adjective had a strong form when used predicatively and when used attributively without any

Слайд 34 The weak form was employed when the adjective

was preceded by a demonstrative pronoun or the Genetive case

of personal pronouns.

The weak form was employed when the adjective was preceded by a demonstrative pronoun or

Слайд 35

Слайд 36 But some adjectives were always declined strong:

eall (all)
maniZ (many)
oþer (other)

But some adjectives were always declined strong: eall (all) maniZ (many) oþer

Слайд 37 Weak declension had adjectives in the superlative and comparative

degrees and the adjective ilca (same)

Слайд 38 There existed also semantic difference between strong and

weak forms of declension. The strong forms were associated with

the meaning of indefiniteness – corresponded to the meaning of a/an.

There existed also semantic difference between strong and weak forms of declension. The strong forms

Слайд 39 The weak forms had the meaning of definiteness

(“the”). Weak forms were regularly used together with demonstrative pronouns.

This opposition of weak and strong forms gave the ground for A. Smirnitsky to single out the category of definiteness/ indefiniteness.

The weak forms had the meaning of definiteness (“the”). Weak forms were regularly used together

Слайд 40Degrees of Comparison
OE adjectives had three degrees of

comparison:
positive
comparative
superlative

Слайд 41 Suffixes -ra and -est/-ost were used to form

the comparative and the superlative degrees.
soft – softra

– softest (soft)
weriZ – weriZra – weriZost (weary)

Suffixes -ra and -est/-ost were used to form the comparative and the superlative degrees.

Слайд 42 Sometimes suffixation was accompanied by the interchange of

the root + vowel:
Zlxd – Zlxdra – Zladost

(glad)
lonZ – lenZra – lenZest (lay)

Sometimes suffixation was accompanied by the interchange of the root + vowel: Zlxd –

Слайд 43There were suppletive forms:
Zod – bettra – bet(e)st (good)
lytel –

lxssa – lxst (little)
micel – mara – mxst (much)
yfel –

wiersa – wierest (evil)

There were suppletive forms:Zod – bettra – bet(e)st (good)lytel – lxssa – lxst (little)micel – mara –

Слайд 44The OE Adverb
OE adverbs were formed in the following

ways:
1) by adding suffix -e to the adjectives

Adj+e
wīd (широкий) – wīde (широко)
sweotul (ясний) – sweotule (яснo)
heard (твердий) – hearde (твердo)

The OE Adverb OE adverbs were formed in the following ways:1) by adding suffix -e to the

Слайд 452) with the help of suffix –lice
(Modern

–ly) which was added to the nouns

N+lice
frēond (друг) – frēondlice (дружньо)

Слайд 463) by adding suffix –es to the nouns. (Historically it

is the ending of the Genitive Case of the masculine

gender a-stem nouns)
N+es
dæZ – dæZes (вдень)
nyd (необхідність) – nydes (за необхідністю)
willa (воля) – willes (охотно)

3) by adding suffix –es to the nouns. (Historically it is the ending of the Genitive Case

Слайд 47 Adverbs formed from the adjectives had the degrees

of comparison. The degrees-forming suffixes were: -or (for comparative) and

–ost (for superlative)

Adverbs formed from the adjectives had the degrees of comparison. The degrees-forming suffixes were: -or

Слайд 48The OE Verb

The OE verbs were

divided into two major categories, the so-called weak and strong

verbs.

Слайд 49 The weak verbs were a feature of Germanic

and were formed by adding an inflectional ending that included

a dental or alveolar consonant. The strong verbs were formed by changing the stem vowel.

The weak verbs were a feature of Germanic and were formed by adding an inflectional

Слайд 50 The number of strong verbs inherited from Germanic probably

amounted to 300-400 and their number was constantly decreasing.

The number of strong verbs inherited from Germanic probably amounted to 300-400 and their number was

Слайд 51The Category of Tense
All verbs had two tenses:

present and preterite. Other tenses were expressed through adverbs or

were understood from the context. The Future Tense may be expressed by the verbs willan/scullan + infinitive.
E.g. Wille ic asecZan.

The Category of Tense All verbs had two tenses: present and preterite. Other tenses were

Слайд 52 The Category of Mood
The verb had an infinitive,

the present and past participle. In addition to the indicative

mood and imperative mood, there was the subjunctive for both tenses.

The Category of Mood The verb had an infinitive, the present and past participle.

Слайд 53 The usage of the Subjunctive Mood was different

from its usage in later periods. The subjunctive forms denoted

unreal acts or supposition but in a very general way.

The usage of the Subjunctive Mood was different from its usage in later periods. The

Слайд 54 Subjunctive was used not only in the conditional

sentences, but in the clauses of time, clauses of result

and in reported speech. In indirect speech indicative mood forms could occur side by side with subjunctive.

Subjunctive was used not only in the conditional sentences, but in the clauses of time,

Слайд 55The Category of Person
The Category of Person consisted of

three forms: the first, the second and the third person

(singular and plural)

The Category of Person The Category of Person consisted of three forms: the first, the second and

Слайд 56The Category of Number
The predicate agreed with the subject

in number and person.

Слайд 57 The Category of Voice
There was no passive. The

verbs that were to become auxiliary verbs were mostly notional

verbs in the earliest period, though traces of their development towards auxiliaries may be found, particularly in texts translated from or based on Latin.

The Category of Voice There was no passive. The verbs that were to become

Слайд 58 These verbs were mostly anomalous in structure because,

as so-called preterite-present verbs, they had formed new present tense

forms from old preterits and had formed new preterits. They did not have the forms that were found in other verbs.

These verbs were mostly anomalous in structure because, as so-called preterite-present verbs, they had formed

Слайд 59 The form hatte (Past, Singular), infinitive hattan (call) had

the passive meaning. Passive meaning was usually expressed by the

words bēon, wesan (to be), weorþan (become) and the Past Participle.

The form hatte (Past, Singular), infinitive hattan (call) had the passive meaning. Passive meaning was usually

Слайд 60 e.g. þa bōc þe is enemned on læden

Pastoralis – the book which is called

Latin “Pastoralis”
þet hūs wearð þaforbunden – That house was (got) then burned down.
During the OE period such construction gradually turned into analytical Passive Voice forms.

e.g. þa bōc þe is enemned on læden Pastoralis – the book

Слайд 61 The Strong Verbs
The strong verbs fall into

seven distinct patterns. The patterns are usually indicated through the

forms of the infinitive, preterite singular (third person), preterite plural and past participle.

The Strong Verbs The strong verbs fall into seven distinct patterns. The patterns

Слайд 62I. ī

ā i

i
writan wrat writon written
II. ēō/ū ēā u o
beodan bead budon boden
III. e x u o
drincan dranc druncon druncen

Слайд 63IV. ea > x

e x

x o
beran bxr bxron boren
V. e x x e
tredan trxd trxdon treden
VI. a ō ō a
faran fōr fōron faren

Слайд 64 This group shows different patterns because it originally

consisted of reduplicating verbs. But the vowel or diphthong of

the infinitive was repeated in the participle and both forms of the preterite had either e or ēō.
hātan hēt hēton hāten (to be called)

This group shows different patterns because it originally consisted of reduplicating verbs. But the vowel

Слайд 65 The Weak Verbs
There are three categories of

weak verbs. Since the weak verbs form their preterite by

adding an inflection which contains d or t in OE, there is no need to distinguish the preterite singular from its plural, because they differ only in the ending indicating number.