l ecturer of ecology discipline postgraduate student at the Department of “Road

transport” of Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University
Contacts:
603950, Russia, Nizhny Novgorod,

Minin st., 24, of.1161
phone: +7 905 668 11 98 e-mail: kuzmin1anton@mail.ru

Anton N KUZMIN

lectures - 1 hour a week, seminars - 1 hour

a week

Forms of control: final test

Ecology
discipline

their environment. Ecology emerged in the late 20th century as

one of the most popular and most important aspects of biology.
The word ecology was coined by a German zoologist Ernst Haeckel, who applied the term oekologie to the “relation of the animal both to its organic as well as its inorganic environment”. The word comes from the Greek oikos, meaning “household, home, or place to live”.

word environment includes both other organisms and physical surroundings. It

involves relationships between individuals within a population and between individuals of different populations.
These interactions between individuals, between populations, and between organisms and their environment form - ecological systems, or ecosystems.

Ecology

their environment, interacting as a system.
The term ecosystem was

first used in 1935 in a publication by British ecologist Arthur Tansley. Tansley devised the concept to draw attention to the importance of transfers of materials between organisms and their environment.

Ecology

the ecosystem, a functional unit consisting of interacting organisms and

all aspects of the environment in any specific area. It contains both the nonliving (abiotic) and living (biotic) components through which nutrients are cycled and energy flows.
Constant interactions between living organisms and their physical environment bind these components into a stable system.

Ecology

They are plant and animal ecology, population ecology, community ecology,

paleoecology.

Ecology

of man, society and nature, close interdependence of social and

natural factors.

Ecology

the rapid development of applied ecology, concerned with the application

of ecological principles to the management of natural resources, agricultural production, and problems of environmental pollution.

Ecology

management of populations of crops and animals, so that yields

can be increased and the impact of pests reduced. Applied ecologists also study the effect of humans on their environment and on the survival of other species.

Ecology

effects of fishing on fish populations) and develop models of

general ecological relevance.

Ecology

drawn from biology, geology, chemistry, physics, history, physiology, anthropology, including

various branches of geography: hydrology, soil science, geomorphology, biogeography, etc. Originally ecology was treated as environmental biology. Modern ecology has to deal with environmental problems caused by human activities..

Ecology

problems in the affairs of men-expanding populations, food scarcities, environmental

pollution, and all the attendant sociological – and political problems – are to a great degree ecological.

Ecology

about 4.6 billion years old. The first living cells emerged

between 4 billion and 3.8 billion years ago. It is only for the last 50,000 years or so that man has been around on the scene. For most of that time man made no more impact on the world than the birds building their nests, beavers their dams or rabbits their warrens.

Ecology

his invention of farming about 10,000 years ago when large,

permanent settlements began to be established and man began to alter his surroundings, his environment, by his own deliberate efforts to make his life more secure and comfortable.

Ecology

1. Life on the planet Earth. Biosphere

metals, the invention of writing, the beginnings of science, the

growth of cities and towns and eventually, about 250 years ago, the start of industrialization and the acceleration in population growth.

Ecology

1. Life on the planet Earth. Biosphere

the planet and can change his surroundings in all sorts

of ways, he is just as dependent upon the natural world as every other species, animal and plant, with whom he shares our planet.

Ecology

1. Life on the planet Earth. Biosphere

biosphere a thin layer which is the meeting place of

land, air and water. Life only exists for a very short distance below the earth’s surface and although life is to be found in the great ocean depths, this still takes us only 6 miles down.

Ecology

1. Life on the planet Earth. Biosphere

century ago. The concept played little part in scientific thought,

however, until it was developed by the Russian scientist V. I. Vernadsky.
It is essentially his concept of the biosphere that we accept today.

Ecology

1. Life on the planet Earth. Biosphere

other life-forms of our planet, many of them are yet

to be discovered. Biosphere is a relatively thin life-supporting layer around the Earth containing living organisms, which is strongly influenced in composition, structure and energetics by the living organisms.

Ecology

1. Life on the planet Earth. Biosphere

nonliving, or biotic and abiotic.
The biotic part of the

biosphere consisting of fauna and flora is known to be called biota.
We can further divide the abiotic portion into three parts: the solid Earth or lithosphere, liquid water or hydrosphere, and the atmosphere.

Ecology

1. Life on the planet Earth. Biosphere

material cycling.
This system runs on energy flowing into it

from the Sun and it gives off energy (primarily as heat) to space.

Ecology

1. Life on the planet Earth. Biosphere

24, of.1161
phone: +7 905 668 11 98 e-mail: kuzmin1anton@mail.ru
Anton

N KUZMIN