Lecture 2

Содержание

1. Lecture 2
2. Matter, Energy and Environment
3. OutlinePrinciples of Matter & EnergyStructure of Matter Energy PrinciplesEnergy FlowsEnergy, Matter & the EnvironmentBiochemical Cycles
4. Biological Levels of the EnvironmentEcosystem – biological
5. Слайд 5
6. Biotic ComponentsAbiotic Components: Energy & Matter
7. Principles of Matter & EnergyTo understand how
8. The Structure of MatterMatter and energy are
9. Atomic StructureAtom - fundamental unit of matter.
10. Atoms, Molecules, & CompoundsAtom - the smallest
11. Water – Unique substance~70% of the weight
12. Acids, Bases, and pHAcid - a compound
13. Acids, Bases, and pHpH scale
14. Inorganic and Organic MatterOrganic matter consists of
15. DNA: primary, secondary & ternary structure
16. Chemical Reactions in Living ThingsPhotosynthesis is a
17. PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
18. Chemical Reactions in Living ThingsRespiration is the
19. Respiration
20. Energy PrinciplesEnergy is the ability to perform
21. States of MatterMatter exists in 3 interchangeable
22. The wavelengths of visiblelight drive photosynthesis.Electromagnetic Spectrum
23. Properties of EnergyMost energy used in ecosystems
24. Organism (species) Population Biological Community Ecosystem
25. Food ChainsFood chain - The sequence of
26. Cross-connected Food Chains Food web A
27. Food Web - a complex, interlocking series of individual food chains
28. Path of Energy FlowFood Chains –HerbivoresCarnivoresOmnivores eat both plants & animals.Detritivores
29. Слайд 29
30. Most energy in most ecosystems is stored
31. Breaking Food ChainsHow Humans Can Affect the
32. Water Cycle
33. Carbon Cycle
34. Nitrogen Cycle
35. SummaryBiological levels of the EnvironmentEnergy & Matter:
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Matter, Energy and Environment

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Слайд 1GEN1030 Introduction to Environmental Studies
Lecture 2
Chapter 2.
Matter, Energy, and Environment
Aliya

Nurtaeva, Ph.D.
KIMEP University
Dept of General Education

Office # 507/ Valikhanov
anurtaeva@kimep.kz

GEN1030 Introduction to Environmental StudiesLecture 2Chapter 2. Matter, Energy, and EnvironmentAliya Nurtaeva, Ph.D.KIMEP UniversityDept of General Education

Слайд 2Matter, Energy and Environment

Слайд 3Outline
Principles of Matter & Energy
Structure of Matter
Energy Principles
Energy Flows
Energy,

Matter & the Environment
Biochemical Cycles

Слайд 4Biological Levels of the Environment
Ecosystem – biological community along with

its physical environment
They interact in an exchange

of matter and energy.

Species – a certain type of organisms that can interbreed and produce offspring

Population – group of individuals of the same species living in a given area

Community – interacting groups of different species living in a certain area

Biosphere – layer of Earth
containing all living organisms

bahaba

Biome – areas with similar topography, climate, species

Biological Levels of the EnvironmentEcosystem – biological community along with its physical environment They interact in an

Слайд 5

Слайд 6Biotic Components
Abiotic Components: Energy & Matter

Слайд 7Principles of Matter & Energy
To understand how ecosystems function, it

is important to know:

how energy and matter behave -

in the universe and in living things.

2) basic building blocks of life, starting with cells & organisms, and proceeding to communities and populations.

Principles of Matter & EnergyTo understand how ecosystems function, it is important to know: how energy and

Слайд 8The Structure of Matter
Matter and energy are essential constituents of

both the universe and living organisms.
Matter is anything that has

mass and takes up space.
Energy - the capacity to do work
Matter is made of
atoms, molecules, and compounds

The Structure of MatterMatter and energy are essential constituents of both the universe and living organisms.Matter is

Слайд 9Atomic Structure
Atom - fundamental unit of matter.
92 types of

atoms found in nature, with each being composed of:
Protons

(‘+’ charge)
Neutrons (neutral: ‘0’ charge )
Electrons (‘-’ charge)
Each kind of atom forms a specific type of matter known as an element.

Atomic StructureAtom - fundamental unit of matter. 92 types of atoms found in nature, with each being

Слайд 10Atoms, Molecules, & Compounds
Atom - the smallest particle of matter

still remaining the elemental properties of matter
Molecule – a combination

of two or more atoms
Compound – a molecule made up of 2 or more kinds of atoms (elements) held together by chemical bonds
Isotopes - atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain.
Isotopes have the same number of protons & electrons, but different number of neutrons.

Atoms, Molecules, & CompoundsAtom - the smallest particle of matter still remaining the elemental properties of matterMolecule

Слайд 11Water – Unique substance
~70% of the
weight of living

organisms

Medium in which life's chemical reactions occur
Liquid over a

wide temperature range
Highest surface tension
Expands when it crystallizes, unlike most substances
High heat of vaporization (latent heat)
High specific heat
Water solutions of salts, acids – electrical conductors

Water – Unique substance~70% of the weight of living organismsMedium in which life's chemical reactions occurLiquid

Слайд 12Acids, Bases, and pH
Acid - a compound that releases hydrogen

ions in water solution.
Base - a compound that accepts hydrogen

ions in water solution.
pH indicator shows acidity or hydrogen ion concentration.
The scale is inverse and logarithmic
pH = 7: neutral
0 < pH < 7: acidic (more H+ than OH-)
7 < pH < 14 : basic (less H+ than OH-)

Acids, Bases, and pHAcid - a compound that releases hydrogen ions in water solution.Base - a compound

Слайд 13Acids, Bases, and pH
pH scale

Слайд 14Inorganic and Organic Matter
Organic matter consists of molecules containing carbon

atoms that are bonded to form chains or rings.
All living

things contain molecules of organic compounds.
Chemical bonds in organic molecules contain a large amount of chemical energy that can be released when the bonds are broken.
Essential Elements of Life:
• carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
• make up 96% of living matter

Inorganic and Organic MatterOrganic matter consists of molecules containing carbon atoms that are bonded to form chains

Слайд 15DNA: primary, secondary & ternary structure

Слайд 16Chemical Reactions in Living Things
Photosynthesis is a process used by

plants to convert inorganic material into organic material using light.
Carbon

dioxide + water (in the presence of sunlight) produces glucose + oxygen.
6CO2 + 6H2O + E (sunlight)  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Enzymes contained in living organisms act as biocatalysts speeding up chemical reactions.

Chemical Reactions in Living ThingsPhotosynthesis is a process used by plants to convert inorganic material into organic

Слайд 17Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

Слайд 18Chemical Reactions in Living Things
Respiration is the process that uses

oxygen to break down large, organic molecules into smaller inorganic

molecules (releases energy organisms can use).
Glucose + oxygen produces carbon dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + E

Chemical Reactions in Living ThingsRespiration is the process that uses oxygen to break down large, organic molecules

Слайд 19Respiration

Слайд 20Energy Principles
Energy is the ability to perform work.
Kinetic energy is

the energy contained by moving objects.
Potential energy is energy due

to relative position (latent, available for use).

Energy PrinciplesEnergy is the ability to perform work.Kinetic energy is the energy contained by moving objects.Potential energy

Слайд 21States of Matter
Matter exists in 3 interchangeable states: solid,

liquid, or gas.
The state of matter depends on the

amount of energy present.
The amount of kinetic energy contained in a molecule determines how rapidly it moves.
Solids: Molecular particles have low energy and vibrate in place very close to one another.
Liquids: More energy; molecules are farther apart from one another.
Gases: Molecular particles move very rapidly and are very far apart.

States of MatterMatter exists in 3 interchangeable states: solid, liquid, or gas. The state of matter

Слайд 22The wavelengths of visible
light drive photosynthesis.
Electromagnetic Spectrum

Слайд 23Properties of Energy
Most energy used in ecosystems originates as solar

energy.

Green plants convert energy to chemical energy, which is

then converted to heat or kinetic energy by the animal that eats the plant.

Energy cannot be recycled.
Energy is reused, but it is constantly degraded or lost from the system.

Properties of EnergyMost energy used in ecosystems originates as solar energy. Green plants convert energy to chemical

Слайд 24
Organism (species)
Population
Biological Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
See also slide

#4
Energy & Matter in the Environment

Слайд 25Food Chains
Food chain - The sequence of organisms each of

them being eaten by the next one in the chain

E

& matter are transferred through food chain from one trophic level to another

Food ChainsFood chain - The sequence of organisms each of them being eaten by the next one

Слайд 26Cross-connected Food Chains
Food web A complex, interlocking series of

individual food chains in an ecosystem.

Слайд 27 Food Web - a complex, interlocking series

of individual food chains

Слайд 28Path of Energy Flow
Food Chains –
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores eat both plants &

animals.
Detritivores

Слайд 29

Слайд 30Most energy in most ecosystems is stored in the bodies

of primary producers. Only ~10% of the energy at one

energy level passes to the next highest trophic level.

Energy Pyramid

ADD FIG. 2.18

Most energy in most ecosystems is stored in the bodies of primary producers. Only ~10% of the

Слайд 31Breaking Food Chains
How Humans Can Affect the Food Chain
Mouse 

Coyote  Mountain Lion Deer 

What would

happen if you eliminate mouse?
coyote?
lion?

Breaking Food ChainsHow Humans Can Affect the Food ChainMouse  Coyote  Mountain Lion

Слайд 32Water Cycle

Слайд 33Carbon Cycle

Слайд 34Nitrogen Cycle

Слайд 35Summary
Biological levels of the Environment
Energy & Matter: basic principles.
3 states

of matter: solid, liquid and gas
Kinetic and Potential energy.
4 trophic

leveles: producers, herbivores, carnivores, top carnivores. Omnivores, detritivores, decomposers.
Only 10% of energy is being transferred from one trophic level to the next one.