Lecture 7

Содержание

1. Lecture 7
2. Zeugma [zju:gmə] - зевгмаE.g. He TOOK his
3. Zeugma revives the original meanings of the
4. STRUCTURAL PATTERNS OF ZEUGMAVerb + Object +
5. Zeugma is often found in humorous textsE.g.
6. Oxymoron [oksı‘mo:rən] - оксюморон A combination
7. Oxymoron→Intensifier If the primary meaning of
8. STRUCTURAL MODELS OF OXYMORONAdjective + NounE.g.O loving
9. STRUCTURAL MODELS OF OXYMORONAdverb + Adjective [
10. OXYMORONS IN FICTIONOxymorons in fiction are often
11. Paradox [‘pærədoks] - парадокс A statement
12. PUN [pΛn] - каламбурThe term is synonymous
13. TYPES OF PUNZeugma
14. Zeugma as a kind of punZeugma may
15. Puns based on polysemyPolysemy is actualized in
16. Puns based on homonymyE.g. The Importance of
17. Pun and contextPun often requires an expanded
18. Pun and pretended misunderstandingThe pun-word is seemingly
19. Translating punsE.g. ‘What gear were you in
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Zeugma [zju:gmə] - зевгмаE.g. He TOOK his hat and his leave (homogeneous

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Слайд 1Lecture 7
Figures of contrast
Zeugma
Oxymoron
Paradox
Pun

Слайд 2Zeugma [zju:gmə] - зевгма
E.g. He TOOK his hat and his

leave (homogeneous

objects)

Zeugma involves two or more notions which are syntactically homogeneous and semantically incompatible.
Zeugma is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations to two words in the context. The semantic relations are on the one hand literal, and on the other – transferred (Galperin).

Слайд 3Zeugma revives the original meanings of the words and makes

them prominent:
E.g. People put their pride into their pockets together

with their bus tickets.

Zeugma revives the original meanings of the words and makes them prominent:E.g. People put their pride into

Слайд 4STRUCTURAL PATTERNS OF ZEUGMA
Verb + Object + Object
E.g. You are

free to execute your laws, and your citizens, as you

see fit (TV program).
Subject + Subject + Verb
E.g. Either you or your head must be off! (Carrol)
My teeth and my ambitions are bared: be prepared! (T. Rice The Lion King).
Verb + Object + Verb + Object
E.g. And May’s mother always stood on her gentility; and Dot’s mother never stood on anything but her active little feet (Dickens).

STRUCTURAL PATTERNS OF ZEUGMAVerb + Object + ObjectE.g. You are free to execute your laws, and your

Слайд 5Zeugma is often found in humorous texts
E.g. At noon Mrs

Turpin would get out of bed and humor, put on

kimono, airs and the water to boil for coffee (O.Henry).

Zeugma is often found in humorous textsE.g. At noon Mrs Turpin would get out of bed and

Слайд 6Oxymoron [oksı‘mo:rən] - оксюморон
A combination of two words

in which the meanings of the two clash, being opposite

in sense.
E.g. And painful pleasure turns to pleasing pain.
(Spencer)
His honour rooted in dishonour stood
And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true.
(Tennyson)

Oxymoron [oksı‘mo:rən] - оксюморон A combination of two words in which the meanings of the two

Слайд 7Oxymoron→Intensifier
If the primary meaning of the qualifying word

is weakened, it becomes an intensifier and the oxymoronic effect

is lost.
E.g. I’m terribly sorry/ pleased.
I’m awfully glad.
It’s pretty awful.
Я ужасно виноват/рад. Было ужасно весело.
Она страшно/жутко красивая.

Oxymoron→Intensifier If the primary meaning of the qualifying word is weakened, it becomes an intensifier and

Слайд 8STRUCTURAL MODELS OF OXYMORON
Adjective + Noun
E.g.O loving hate!

O heavy lightness! serious vanity!
Feather

of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health!
(Shakespeare)
Peopled desert
proud humility
sweet sorrow
deafening silence

STRUCTURAL MODELS OF OXYMORONAdjective + NounE.g.O loving hate! O heavy lightness! serious vanity!

Слайд 9STRUCTURAL MODELS OF OXYMORON
Adverb + Adjective [ the adverb is

likely to change its meaning and become an intensifier]
E.g. a

pleasantly ugly face
a terribly moving film
Verb + Adverb
E.g. ‘It was you who made me a liar,’ she cried silently.

STRUCTURAL MODELS OF OXYMORONAdverb + Adjective [ the adverb is likely to change its meaning and become

Слайд 10OXYMORONS IN FICTION
Oxymorons in fiction are often employed to convey

the author’s individual perception and evaluation of the phenomenon’s contradictory

nature.
E.g. I despise its very vastness and power. It has the poorest millionaires, the littlest great men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw (O.Henry The Duel).

OXYMORONS IN FICTIONOxymorons in fiction are often employed to convey the author’s individual perception and evaluation of

Слайд 11Paradox [‘pærədoks] - парадокс
A statement contradictory to what

is accepted as a self-evident truth.
Literary paradoxes involve

examining apparently contradictory statements and drawing conclusions to reconcile them or explain their presence.
E.g. Wine costs money, blood costs nothing (Shaw).
I can resist anything except temptation (Wilde).
Life is far too important a thing ever to talk about it seriously
(Wilde)
Though this be madness, yet there is method in’t.
(Shakespeare)

Paradox [‘pærədoks] - парадокс A statement contradictory to what is accepted as a self-evident truth.

Слайд 12PUN [pΛn] - каламбур
The term is synonymous with the expression

‘play on words’.
E.g. ‘Have you been seeing any spirits?’

‘Or taking any?’ (Dickens)
spirits = ‘ghosts’, ‘apparitions’
spirits = ‘alcohol’, ‘strong drinks’
The pun is a stylistic device based on the interaction of two well-known meanings of a word or phrase (Galperin).

PUN [pΛn] - каламбурThe term is synonymous with the expression ‘play on words’.E.g. ‘Have you been seeing

Слайд 13TYPES OF PUN

Zeugma

Puns based on
homonymy
Puns based on
polysemy

Слайд 14Zeugma as a kind of pun
Zeugma may be qualified as

a peculiar kind of pun, the difference between them being

structural: zeugma actualizes two meanings with the help of a verb to which homogeneous objects or subjects refer. A pun-word doesn’t necessarily refer to another word.
E.g. She dropped a tear and her pocket handkerchief (zeugma).
One swallow does not make a summer (pun).

Zeugma as a kind of punZeugma may be qualified as a peculiar kind of pun, the difference

Слайд 15Puns based on polysemy
Polysemy is actualized in one utterance which

has at least two meanings.
E.g. There comes a period in

every man’s life, but she is just a semicolon in his (B.Evans).
Period – (1) a lapse of time;
(2) full stop (US English)
E.g. Art for heart’s sake (R. Goldberg)
Heart – (1) the organ in one’s chest;
(2) soul.

Puns based on polysemyPolysemy is actualized in one utterance which has at least two meanings.E.g. There comes

Слайд 16Puns based on homonymy
E.g. The Importance of being Earnest (O.

Wilde)
Earnest = male name

earnest = seriously-minded
E.g. ‘What trade art thou?’
‘A trade, sir … It is a mender of bad soles’
(Shakespeare)
sole [soul] – the bottom part of a shoe;
soul [soul] – the spiritual part of a person

Puns based on homonymyE.g. The Importance of being Earnest (O. Wilde) Earnest = male

Слайд 17Pun and context
Pun often requires an expanded context to be

realized.
E.g. ‘Bow to the board,’ said Bumble. Oliver brushed away

two or three tears that were lingering in his eyes; and seeing no board but the table, fortunately bowed to that (Dickens).
board(1) – a group of officials with administrative functions;
board (2) – a flat piece of wood.

Pun and contextPun often requires an expanded context to be realized.E.g. ‘Bow to the board,’ said Bumble.

Слайд 18Pun and pretended misunderstanding
The pun-word is seemingly misunderstood by the

interlocutor and used in its primary meaning.
E.g. ‘Why, you cannot

deny that he has good turns in him’.
‘So has the cockscrew’ (Behan)
E.g. ‘I suppose you are thinking of Ada Fergusson’
‘Hang Ada Fergusson’
‘I think it’s rather drastic punishment’