Lecture №1.2. Elements and components of computer technologies

architecture and structure
Computer architecture is the aggregate of basic

devices, sites and computer blocks, and also structure of basic managing and informative connections between them, that provides implementation of the set functions.
Architecture in an informatics is conception of intercommunication of elements of difficult structure, includes components of logical, physical and programmatic structures.
Computer architecture is usually determined by the aggregate of her properties, substantial for an user.

a large mathematician prepared a lecture about a machine which

would keep the programs in memory. A lecture was sent to the scientists and got a mass appeal, as in him von Neumann clear and simply formulated general principles of functioning of universal computing devices, or computers. He was the consultant of project EDVAC and brought in the large personal payment in many fundamental inventions which underlay one of the first in history computers. In 1946 engineers which headed development, John Eckert and John Мauchly made attempt patent all bases of EDVAC technology, including those things which was thought by von Neumann. The first computer, in which principles von Neumann were incarnate, was built in 1949 by English researcher Maurice Wilkes. And for today swingeing majority of computers is done in accordance with principles of fon Neumann (Fig. 1).

unit - for arithmetic calculations and acceptance of logical decisions.
Memory

is storages of data - serves for storage of information.
CU is control unit - co-ordination of different blocks of COMPUTER.

the only functional requirements.
Principle of open architecture - folded in

providing of possibility of the application programs portability between different platforms and providing of co-operation of the systems with each other. This possibility is arrived at due to the use of international standards on all programmatic and vehicle interfaces between components of the systems. It allows, at first, to execute modernization the PC (upgrade), complementing him new elements and substituting for out-of-date blocks, secondly, enables to the user to present independently a structure it the PC depending on concrete aims and tasks.
Computer structure is some model which sets structure, order and co-operation principles for it inputting components.

purpo-se of basic blocks of the PC (fig. 2).
Conditional marks

of place of location of components the personal COMPUTER:
- a system block;
- a system board;
- peripheral (external) units

Fig. 2. Flow diagram of the personal computer

system block is a corps in which basic electronic components

or modules is placed the PC. A system blocks are two basic varieties:

- vertical location (tower), to the variety: baby - tower, mini - tower, midi - tower, big - tower.

- horizontal location (desktop), to the variety: small - footprint, slimline, (ultra) super-slimline.
In the complement of system block enter:
- the system board (motherboard);
- a disk drives or drives for variable stores;
- the power module.

all other internalss of computer - serves as an original

platform which all system configuration is built on the base of.

Fig. 3. Example of system board

For today there are 4 form-factors of system boards - AT (12′′), ATX (12′′×9,6′′), LPX (9′′×13′′) and NLX. In addition, there are the diminished variants of format of AT (8,5′′×13′′), ATX (Mini - ATX (11,2′′×8,2′′), microATX) and NLX (microNLX).

hardware within a computer system which carries out the instructions

of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the systems.

Fig. 4. Example of CPU

CPU can be named a heart of computer. Computer architecture is determined by the type of CPU. For placing of processor on a system board the special nest will be used, such as Socket or other nest - Slot1.
For cooling of processor a small ventilator, set on a radiator, will be used - CPU Cooler. This system reduces the temperature of processor approximately on 40 degrees.

maximal volume of the addressed memory. He depends on the

bit of processor. Part of memory is reserved for system aims, part remains free (for an user and programs).
Memory consists of two parts:
ROM is constantly storages of data, intended for storage of information which must not change during implementation of the program a processor.
RAM is operative memory (RAM - Random Access Memory "memory of arbitrary access", id est in any moment of time access can be carried out to the arbitrarily chosen cell) of

data - temporary storage, provides possibility of operative treason of information, including in the process of implementation of operation.

interface (interface) is an aggregate of connection tools and computer

devices connection which provides them effective co-operation.
Expansion busses in architecture the PC