Разделы презентаций
- Разное
- Английский язык
- Астрономия
- Алгебра
- Биология
- География
- Геометрия
- Детские презентации
- Информатика
- История
- Литература
- Математика
- Медицина
- Менеджмент
- Музыка
- МХК
- Немецкий язык
- ОБЖ
- Обществознание
- Окружающий мир
- Педагогика
- Русский язык
- Технология
- Физика
- Философия
- Химия
- Шаблоны, картинки для презентаций
- Экология
- Экономика
- Юриспруденция
Middle English
Содержание
- 1. Middle English
- 2. underwent profound changes in
- 3. The division of words into parts of
- 4. Parts of Speech in ME the noun
- 5. the adverbthe prepositionthe conjunction the interjection
- 6. The new part of speechthe article which split from the pronoun in Early ME
- 7. Inflexions (grammatical suffixes and endings) continued to
- 8. OE period is described as a period
- 9. The analytical way of form-building is a
- 10. The first component of such phrases weakened
- 11. OE he hxfde þa – he had
- 12. Morphological simplificationthe main direction of development of the nominal parts of speech
- 13. The period between 1000 and 1300 was
- 14. Noun cases were reduced as well as
- 15. In Late ME the adjectives lost the
- 16. The decay of inflectional endings affected the
- 17. On the other hand, the paradigm of
- 18. Within the category of Tense the Future
- 19. The Noun a strong tendency
- 20. In Early ME the southern dialects used
- 21. In the Midland and Northern dialects the
- 22. - (e)s in the Genetive singular- (e)s in the plural irrespective of the case
- 23. The OE Gender disappeared. In the 11-th
- 24. In Chaucer’s time gender is a lexical
- 25. ExamplesShe wolde wepe, if that she saw
- 26. Category of caseThe category of case underwent
- 27. In OE the forms of the Nominative
- 28. In strong declension the Dative was sometimes
- 29. The form without the ending soon prevailed
- 30. In the 14-th century the ending –es
- 31. OE
- 32. The Genitive caseThough the Genitive case survived
- 33. In ME the Genitive case is used
- 34. The category of Number was one of the most stable of all the nominal categories
- 35. The ME Pronoun In Early ME
- 36. ME demonstrative pronoun seo
- 37. The descendant of OE heo is ME heOE heo > ME he
- 38. Lexical replacementOE hie (3-d person pl.) was
- 39. “They” ousted the Nom. case OE hie,
- 40. The two sets of forms (coming from
- 41. Category of NumberThe category of Number was
- 42. Category of CaseThe category of Case underwent
- 43. This syncretism took a long time and
- 44. Possessive pronounsThe OE Genitive case of personal
- 45. Demonstrative Pronouns Development of the Article
- 46. Singular Plural this
- 47. The other direction of the development of
- 48. In OE texts these pronouns were frequently
- 49. In the manuscripts of the 11-th and
- 50. as a demonstrative pronoun “that” preserved number
- 51. The meaning and functions of the definite
- 52. OE interrogative and indefinite pronouns were subjected
- 53. The paradigm of the OE interrogative pronoun
- 54. The ME Adjective simplifying changes
- 55. The OE adjectives had five-case paradigm and
- 56. The peculiar suffix –en (from OE –an)
- 57. The degrees of comparisonIn OE the forms
- 58. in ME the suffixes were weakened to
- 59. Analytical forms of degreesanalytical forms of degrees
- 60. When the phrases with ME “more” and
- 61. e.g. more swete (sweeter)better worthy (worthier)more hard (harder)
- 62. Two sets of forms, synthetic and analytical
- 63. The ME Verb The morphology of
- 64. complication owing to the growth of
- 65. Number distinctions were not only preserved in ME but even became more consistent and regular.
- 66. In the 13-th and 14-th centuries the
- 67. The ending –en was frequently missed out
- 68. The Past tense stems of the strong verbs merged into one form.
- 69. All number distinctions were lost with the
- 70. PersonThe differences of the forms of Person
- 71. Owing to the reduction of endings and
- 72. In OE only a few forms of
- 73. In ME the homonymy of the mood
- 74. The Past tense was built with the
- 75. The only exception was the small group
- 76. In such verbs the dental suffix merged
- 77. e.g. OE settan – sette – Ze-set(ed)ME seten – sette – set(set)
- 78. VerbalsThe system of verbals in OE consisted
- 79. the OE verbal noun in –unZ/ - inZthe Present Participlethe Infinitive
- 80. The earliest examples of a verbal noun resembling Gerund date back to the 12-th century.
- 81. Strong and Weak Verbs The two
- 82. The number of weak verbs was constantly
- 83. Some of them became obsoletee.g. OE weorþan (become)others became weak OE slxpan (sleep)
- 84. Sometimes the distinctions between different classes of
- 85. The marker of the Past Tense and
- 86. This simple and regular way of form-building,
- 87. Many former strong verbs began to build
- 88. Several preterite – present verbs died out.
- 89. ME can (OE cann, Pres.Ind., singular, 1-st
- 90. ME shall (OE sceal) has lost many
- 91. The OE willan, though not a preterite-present
- 92. In the course of time it formed
- 93. The Future Tense In the OE
- 94. Shall + Inf. – future action. Shall
- 95. The Subjunctive MoodIn OE the forms of
- 96. In OE modal phrases consisting of sculan, willan and maZan + Inf. indicated future actions.
- 97. If the modal verb has the form
- 98. Modal phrases expressing problematic and imaginary actions
- 99. In al the pari sshe wif ne
- 100. Category of VoiceIn OE the finite verb
- 101. In ME ben + Past Participle developed into an analytical form.
- 102. Syntax 1. In ME the word
- 103. Closely connected with it was the necessity
- 104. 2. The weakening and loss of inflections
- 105. 3. The widespread use of prepositions in
- 106. With the disappearance of the dative case
- 107. 4. The OE system of relative and
- 108. 5. The single negative began to be
- 109. Middle English Vocabulary Changes Borrowings
- 110. Apart from many place names (over 1400)
- 111. Some of them found their way into
- 112. e.g. ME lawe (law) < OE laZu
- 113. The extent of the Scandinavian influence can
- 114. The Scandinavian forms þeir (they), þeim (them),
- 115. Other borrowings are the Modern English: husband,
- 116. Owing to the intimate relationship between the
- 117. The word sister, for instance, is usually
- 118. OE Ziefan, Zietan would have normally developed
- 119. French borrowingsThe number was much greater than
- 120. A great part of French loans were
- 121. designations of rank ( sovereign,
- 122. titles of respect ( sir, madam,
- 123. legal terms ( justice, judge, jury,
- 124. military terms ( army, navy, defence,
- 125. religious terms ( religion, faith, clergy,
- 126. their dominance in the arts and
- 127. The relation between the English people and
- 128. As Walter Scott pointed out in "Ivanhoe",
- 129. Compare also the E. house and the
- 130. Naturally, there were also numerous "neutral" French
- 131. Two varieties of French borrowings: Norman French (NI) Central French (CF).
- 132. The Norman conquerors brought with them a
- 133. For instance, NF [k] corresponded to CF
- 134. Later the overwhelming majority of French loan-words
- 135. E. g. canal (< NF) and channel (
- 136. The heavy influx of Scandinavian and French
- 137. Many Old English words grew out of
- 138. Many others changed their meanings and usage.
- 139. Very often the basic word remained in
- 140. the verb perceive (< OF. percevoir) has
- 141. Such cases undermined the Early English system of affixation. But new affixes appeared instead.
- 142. The suffix -able from such French borrowings
- 143. Sometimes the native affixes were used with foreign roots: beautiful, charming, unfaithful.
- 144. The divergence between native and borrowed synonyms
- 145. Sometimes they acquired different shades of meaning,
- 146. If they had been historically cognate, but
- 147. One of the most important ME innovations
- 148. OE lufu and lufian as ME love
- 149. Скачать презентанцию
underwent profound changes in ME period.From a synthetic (inflected) language with well developed morphology English transformed into a language of the analytical type.
Слайды и текст этой презентации
Слайд 3
The division of words into parts of speech was one
of the most permanent language characteristics.
Слайд 7Inflexions (grammatical suffixes and endings) continued to be used in
all inflected parts of speech. But they became less varied.
Слайд 8OE period is described as a period of full endings,
ME – a period of leveled endings. In ME the
vowels in the endings were reduced to the neutral [q] and many consonants were leveled under [n] or dropped.
Слайд 9The analytical way of form-building is a new device.
Analytical
forms developed from free word groups (phrases, syntactical constructions).
Слайд 10The first component of such phrases weakened or lost its
lexical meaning and turned into a grammatical marker and the
second component retained its lexical meaning and acquired new grammatical value in the compound form.
Слайд 12Morphological simplification
the main direction of development of the nominal parts
of speech
Слайд 13The period between 1000 and 1300 was called an “age
of great change” by A. Baugh.
Some nominal categories were
lost (gender and case in adjectives, gender in nouns).
Слайд 14Noun cases were reduced as well as numbers in personal
pronouns.
Morphological division into types of declension practically disappeared.
Слайд 15
In Late ME the adjectives lost the distinction of number
and the distinction of weak and strong forms.
Слайд 16
The decay of inflectional endings affected the verb system but
to a lesser extent than the nominal system.
Слайд 17On the other hand, the paradigm of the verb grew
as new grammatical forms and distinctions came into being.
The
verb acquired the categories of Voice and Aspect. 
Слайд 18Within the category of Tense the Future Tense forms developed.
New forms of the Subjunctive appeared within the category of
the Mood.
Слайд 19
The Noun
a strong tendency to simplification of the declensions.
the decline of the OE declension system lasted over 3
hundred years.
Слайд 20In Early ME the southern dialects used only four markers
-es, -en, -e and the root vowel interchange. Masculine and
neutral nouns had only two declensions – weak and strong.
Слайд 21In the Midland and Northern dialects the system of declension
was simpler. There was only one major type of declension.
The majority of nouns took the endings of OE masculine a-stems:
Слайд 23The OE Gender disappeared. In the 11-th and 12-th centuries
the gender of nouns was deprived of its main formal
support – the weakened and leveled endings of adjectives and adjective pronouns ceased to indicate gender.
Слайд 24In Chaucer’s time gender is a lexical category, like in
Modern English: nouns are referred to as “he”/”she” if they
denote human beings:
Слайд 25Examples
She wolde wepe, if that she saw a mous,
Caught in
a trappe, if it were deed or bledde (Chaucer)
She would
weep, if she saw a mouse Caught in a trap, if it was dead or it bled
OE mous was feminine
Слайд 26Category of case
The category of case underwent profound changes in
Early ME
OE 4-case system ME 2-case system
Слайд 27In OE the forms of the Nominative and Accusative were
not distinguished in the plural and in some classes they
coincided in singular too. In Early ME they fell together in both numbers.
Слайд 28In strong declension the Dative was sometimes marked by –e
in the Southern dialects though not in the North or
in the Midlands.
Слайд 29The form without the ending soon prevailed in all areas,
and three OE cases Nominative, Accusative and Dative fell together.
They can be called the Common Case.
Слайд 30In the 14-th century the ending –es of the Genitive
singular became universal with only several exceptions. In the plural
the Genetive case had no special marker.
Слайд 31 OE
Early ME Late ME
Nominative
Accusative Common
Dative Dative Common
Genitive Genitive Genitive
Слайд 32The Genitive case
Though the Genitive case survived as a distinct
form, its use became limited.
Unlike OE it could not
be employed in the function of an object
Слайд 33In ME the Genitive case is used only attributively to
modify a noun but even in this function it has
a rival – prepositional phrases (of-phrases).
Слайд 35
The ME Pronoun
In Early ME OE heo (she) was replaced
by the group of variants he, ho, sce, sho, she.
One of them she finally prevailed over the others.
Слайд 36ME demonstrative pronoun seo
first recorded in the North Eastern regions and extended to
other areas.
Слайд 38Lexical replacement
OE hie (3-d person pl.) was replaced by the
Scandinavian loan-words they [TeI].
It came from the North-Eastern areas
and was adopted by the mixed London dialect.![Lexical replacementOE hie (3-d person pl.) was replaced by the Scandinavian loan-words they [TeI]. It came from](/img/tmb/3/276029/5ed8fb1e41dbe7a3769abf003400cc36-800x.jpg "Middle English Lexical replacementOE hie (3-d person pl.) was replaced by the Scandinavian")
Слайд 39“They” ousted the Nom. case OE hie, and “them”, “their”
(from the same Scandinavian loan) replaced OE case forms “hem”
and “heora”.
Слайд 40The two sets of forms (coming from they and hie)
occur side by side in Late ME texts:
That hem hath
holpen, whan that they were seeke.Who has helped them when they were sick.
Слайд 41Category of Number
The category of Number was brought in conformity
with the corresponding categories of nouns and verbs.
The forms of
the dual number went into disuse in Early ME. 
Слайд 42Category of Case
The category of Case underwent great changes.
The
forms of the Dative and the Accusative cases began to
merge in OE.
Слайд 43
This syncretism took a long time and in Early ME
it spread to the 3-rd person and it was completed
in Late ME.
Слайд 44Possessive pronouns
The OE Genitive case of personal pronouns turned into
a new class of pronouns – possessive.
Слайд 45
Demonstrative Pronouns
Development of the Article
In Early ME the OE
demonstrative pronouns se, seo, þxt, þes, þeos, þis lost most
of their inflected forms. The ME descendants of these pronouns are that and this
Слайд 47The other direction of the development of the demonstrative pronouns
se, seo, þxt led to the formation of the definite
article.
Слайд 48In OE texts these pronouns were frequently used as noun
determiners with a weakened meaning approaching that of the modern
definite article.
Слайд 49In the manuscripts of the 11-th and 12-th centuries this
use of demonstrative pronouns becomes more and more common.
Слайд 50as a demonstrative pronoun “that” preserved number distinctions
but as
a definite article – usually in the weakened form the
[Tq] - it was uninflected.
Слайд 51The meaning and functions of the definite article became more
specific when it came to be opposed to the indefinite
article, which developed from the OE numeral and indefinite pronoun “an”.
Слайд 52OE interrogative and indefinite pronouns were subjected to the same
simplifying changes as all nominal parts of speech.
Слайд 53The paradigm of the OE interrogative pronoun hwa was reduced
to two forms:
who (the Nom. Case)
whom (the Objective
case). 
Слайд 54
The ME Adjective
simplifying changes
lost all its grammatical categories
except the degrees of comparison
Слайд 55The OE adjectives had five-case paradigm and two types of
declension (strong and weak). By the end of the OE
period the agreement of the adjective and the noun became loose and in Early ME it was lost.
Слайд 56The peculiar suffix –en (from OE –an) of the weak
declension lost its n
ME
Singular PluralStrong declension yong yonge
Weak declension yonge yonge
Слайд 57The degrees of comparison
In OE the forms of the comparative
and superlative degrees were synthetic:
–ra
–est/-ost
Слайд 58in ME the suffixes were weakened to –er, -est
the interchange of the root-vowel was less common and soon
fell in disuse
Слайд 59Analytical forms of degrees
analytical forms of degrees of comparison
the basis
for it was developed by the OE adverbs ma, bet,
betst, swiþor – more, better.
Слайд 60When the phrases with ME “more” and “most” became more
common, they were used with all kinds of adjectives regardless
of the number of syllables and were even preferred with mono- and disyllabic words.
Слайд 62Two sets of forms, synthetic and analytical were used in
free variation until the 17-th and
18-th centuries.
Слайд 63
The ME Verb
The morphology of the verb displayed such distinct
tendencies:
considerable simplification which affected the synthetic forms
Слайд 64 complication owing to the growth of now analytical forms
and new grammatical categories
development of finite and non-finite forms
of the verb
Слайд 65Number distinctions were not only preserved in ME but even
became more consistent and regular.
Слайд 66In the 13-th and 14-th centuries the ending –en turned
into universal marker of the plural forms of the verb.
Слайд 67The ending –en was frequently missed out in the late
14-th century and was dropped in the 15-th century.
Слайд 69All number distinctions were lost with the exception of the
2-nd and
3-rd person Present tense Indicative Mood. The singular
forms were marked with: -est and –eth/-es.
Слайд 70Person
The differences of the forms of Person were maintained in
ME. They became more variable. The OE endings of the
3-rd person singular - -þ, -eþ, -iaþ merged into –(e)th.
Слайд 71Owing to the reduction of endings and leveling of forms
the formal differences between the moods were also greatly obscured.
Слайд 72In OE only a few forms of the Indicative and
Subjunctive Mood were homonymous (the 1-st person singular of the
Present and the 1-st and the 3-rd person singular of the Past).
Слайд 73In ME the homonymy of the mood forms grew.
The distinction
of tenses was preserved in the verb paradigm through all
periods.
Слайд 74The Past tense was built with the help of the
dental suffix in the weak verbs and with the help
of the root-vowel interchange – in the strong verbs.
Слайд 76In such verbs the dental suffix merged with the last
consonant of the root -t – and after the loss
of the ending its three principal forms coincided.
Слайд 78Verbals
The system of verbals in OE consisted of the Infinitive
and two Participles. In the Late ME a new verbal,
the Gerund, developed. The Gerund can be traced to three sources:
Слайд 81
Strong and Weak Verbs
The two morphological types of verbs –
strong and weak, were well preserved in ME.
Слайд 82The number of weak verbs was constantly increasing at the
expense of the newly borrowed and newly created verbs, but
the number of strong verbs was diminishing.
Слайд 84Sometimes the distinctions between different classes of verbs were obliterated.
e.g.
suffix –ode of the weak second class verbs was reduced
to –ede and coincided in the –ede suffix of the 1-st class
Слайд 85The marker of the Past Tense and Participle II employed
by the weak verbs is the dental suffix
-d/ -t
was very productive in all historical periods. 
Слайд 86This simple and regular way of form-building, employed by the
majority of OE verbs, attracted hundreds of new verbs in
ME.
Слайд 87Many former strong verbs began to build weak forms alongside
with strong one, the strong forms fell in disuse. The
reverse process (weak strong) was of rare occurrence.
Слайд 88Several preterite – present verbs died out. The surviving verbs
lost some of their old forms and grammatical distinctions.
Слайд 89ME can (OE cann, Pres.Ind., singular, 1-st and 3-rd person)
was used not only in the singular but also in
the plural (by the side of cunnen).
Слайд 90ME shall (OE sceal) has lost many of its old
forms: the plural forms, the forms of the Present Subjunctive,
the Infinitive and has retained only two forms shall and should (ME sholde, sholde(n)).
Слайд 91The OE willan, though not a preterite-present by origin, has
acquired many features typical of the group. In ME it
was commonly used as a modal verb expressing volition.
Слайд 92In the course of time it formed a system with
shall. These verbs began to weaken their lexical meanings and
to change into auxiliaries.
Слайд 93
The Future Tense
In the OE language there was no form
of the Future tense (only Past and Present).
In ME the
use of modal phrases, especially shall became increasingly common.
Слайд 94Shall + Inf. – future action.
Shall could remain its
modal meaning of necessity, but often weakened and denoted “pure”
futurity.
Слайд 95The Subjunctive Mood
In OE the forms of the Subjunctive Mood
were synthetic. In the course of ME there sprang up
several new analytical forms of the Subjunctive Mood.
Слайд 97If the modal verb has the form of the Subjunctive
(Present and Past) the meanings of the phrase approached that
of the Subjunctive Mood.
Слайд 98Modal phrases expressing problematic and imaginary actions occur in the
works of Chaucer along with the old synthetic forms:
Слайд 99In al the pari sshe wif ne was ther noon
That
to the offrynge before hir sholde goon
(In all the parish
this was not one wifewho would go before her to the offering).
Слайд 100Category of Voice
In OE the finite verb had no category
of voice. The analytical passive forms developed from OE verb
phrases:OE beon + Participle II of transitive verbs
Слайд 102
Syntax
1. In ME the word order was less pliable than
in OE, but not so rigid as in ModE. The
number of sentences with direct word order was growing at the expense of those with inverted or synthetic word order.
Слайд 103Closely connected with it was the necessity to express the
subject even in impersonal sentences. The structure Me thinketh it
… gradually yielded to the order It seemed me …It thoughte me “It seemed to me, It occurred to me”.
Слайд 1042. The weakening and loss of inflections resulted in the
weakening and loss of agreement and government. The tendency grew
to place the modifiers as closely as possible to the words which they modified.
Слайд 1053. The widespread use of prepositions in ME was another
remarkable development in the language. In OE most prepositions had
governed the dative case.
Слайд 106With the disappearance of the dative case prepositions came to
be used freely with the common case of nouns.
OE On
þxm oþrum þrim daZum - On those other three daysME in that seson (season) on a day.
Слайд 1074. The OE system of relative and correlative elements (þe,
þa …etc.) was replaced by new relatives developed from OE
interrogative and demonstrative pronouns: who, what, which, that, etc.
Слайд 1085. The single negative began to be used in the
fourteenth century, particularly in the north, though the cumulative negation
was still widely spread.e.g. Ne schal non werien no linnene cloth - No one shall wear any linen clothes
Слайд 109
Middle English
Vocabulary Changes
Borrowings played a much greater role in
ME than in OE. They came mostly from two sources:
Scandinavian and French.
Слайд 110Apart from many place names (over 1400) in –by, thorpe,
-thwaite, etc. the number of Scandinavian borrowings was not very
great but they were mostly everyday words of very high frequency.
Слайд 111Some of them found their way into the oral speech
of Anglo-Saxons as early as the ninth century, but it
was not until ME that they became part and parcel of the English vocabulary.
Слайд 112e.g. ME lawe (law) < OE laZu < Sc. lagu
(n., pl., the sg. in OE DanelaZ)
ME taken (take)
OE tacan < Sc. takaME callen (call) < OE ceallian < Sc. kalla
Слайд 113The extent of the Scandinavian influence can be inferred from
the fact that even personal pronouns were borrowed.
Слайд 114The Scandinavian forms þeir (they), þeim (them), þeirra (their) gradually
ousted the respective OE forms hie, him, hira.
The Scandinavian conjunction
þo (though) replaced the OE conjunction þeah.
Слайд 115Other borrowings are the Modern English: husband, fellow, window, egg,
skirt, sky, skin, skill, anger; wrong, ill, happy, ugly, low,
odd; cast, want, die, drown, and many similar simple words.
Слайд 116Owing to the intimate relationship between the two languages, it
is often difficult to say whether the form of a
given word is Scandinavian or English.
Слайд 117The word sister, for instance, is usually regarded as a
development of the Scandinavian systir, but it might also be
considered as a development of the OE sweostor under Scandinavian influence.
Слайд 118OE Ziefan, Zietan would have normally developed into E. yev
(yiv), yet, but under the influence of Sc. giva, geta
they have become E. give get.
Слайд 119French borrowings
The number was much greater than that of Scandinavian
loanwords, and their character was different since the relations between
both the peoples and their languages were different.
Слайд 120A great part of French loans were aristocratic words testifying
that the French were the conquerors, the rulers of the
country.
Слайд 121
designations of rank ( sovereign, prince,-princess, duke, duchess,
marquis, marquise, count, countess, baron, baroness, peer, noble)
Слайд 122 titles of respect ( sir, madam, mistress)
governmental and
administrative words ( state, government, parliament, crown, court, reign, royal,
majesty, country, nation, people, tax)
Слайд 123 legal terms ( justice, judge, jury, bar, bill, decree,
crime, verdict, sentence, accuse, punish, prison)
Слайд 124 military terms ( army, navy, defence, enemy, war, battle,
victory, siege, castle, tower, soldier, sergeant, captain)
Слайд 125 religious terms ( religion, faith, clergy, parson, pray, preach,
saint, miracle)
words reflecting the life and habits of the
nobility of France ( pleasure, leisure, feast, dance, dress, fashion, jewel)
Слайд 126 their dominance in the arts and literature ( art,
colour, beauty, paint, column, music, poem, romance).
Слайд 127The relation between the English people and the French aristocracy
is also reflected in the semantic correlation of some English
words and some medieval French borrowings.
Слайд 128As Walter Scott pointed out in "Ivanhoe", the domestic animals
kept their English names while the English were looking after
them in the fields (E. ox, cow, calf, sheep, swine), but were given French names when they appeared on the Norman lord's table (E. beef, veal, mutton, pork).
Слайд 129Compare also the E. house and the Fr. palace; the
E. miller, blacksmith and the Fr. painter, tailor; the E.
breakfast and the Fr. dinner, supper the E. hand and the Fr. face.
Слайд 130Naturally, there were also numerous "neutral" French loan-words like the
E. aim, air, dozen, error, grief, clear, double, easy, carry,
change, envy, etc.
Слайд 132The Norman conquerors brought with them a peculiar northern dialect
of French that differed in a number of ways from
Central French or Parisian French, the source of Modern French.
Слайд 133For instance, NF [k] corresponded to CF [C], and NF[C]
to CF [s]. Up to the 13th century French borrowings
came mostly from NF.![For instance, NF [k] corresponded to CF [C], and NF[C] to CF [s]. Up to the 13th](/img/tmb/3/276029/d250b8c50a457340d49b85b9df98052f-800x.jpg "Middle English For instance, NF [k] corresponded to CF [C], and NF[C] to")
Слайд 134Later the overwhelming majority of French loan-words came from CF.
It often happened that a word was borrowed twice, first
from NF then from CF, thus forming etymological doublets.
Слайд 136The heavy influx of Scandinavian and French loan-words could not
but affect the native elements of the English vocabulary.
Слайд 137Many Old English words grew out of use and were
ousted by foreign synonyms:
e. g. niman "take", clipian "call", sweltan
"die", andian "envy", xwnian "marry", etc.
Слайд 138Many others changed their meanings and usage. Compare, for instance,
the Old English verb steorfan "to die" and its modern
outgrowth to starve, or the Old English hxrfest "autumn" and the Modern English harvest.
Слайд 139Very often the basic word remained in the language, while
its derivative was replaced by a loan-word. For instance, OE.
þyncan has developed into E. think, while OE. ofþyncan was ousted by repent (< OF. repentir);
Слайд 140the verb perceive (< OF. percevoir) has replaced ME ofseen
(< OE. ofseon), while OE seon > ME seen >
E. see; the verbs deserve, pass, precede have replaced OE. ofZan, forZan, foreZan, while Zan has normally developed into go.
Слайд 141Such cases undermined the Early English system of affixation. But
new affixes appeared instead.
Слайд 142The suffix -able from such French borrowings as admirable, tolerable,
came to be used with native Germanic roots as well:
eatable, readable, bearable. Similarly, the Romanic prefixes re-, en- in the words rewrite, endear.
Слайд 143Sometimes the native affixes were used with foreign roots: beautiful,
charming, unfaithful.
Слайд 144The divergence between native and borrowed synonyms assumed different forms.
Sometimes they became stylistically different, as in the case of
E. foe (< OE Zefa) and E. enemy (< OF ennemi) or E. begin (ME beginnen) and E. commence (< OF cumencer).
Слайд 145Sometimes they acquired different shades of meaning, as in the
regularly quoted pairs: swine— pork, calf—veal,
ox – beef, sheep — mutton.
Слайд 146If they had been historically cognate, but changed both form
and meaning, they formed etymological doublets. For instance, skirt, scatter
(< Sc.) and shirt, shatter (< OE).
Слайд 147One of the most important ME innovations was the development
of conversion as a new type of derivation. Owing to
the leveling of endings and the loss of –n in unstressed syllables, OE ende and endian fell together as ME ende ['endq].
Слайд 148OE lufu and lufian as ME love ['luvq]. Such cases
of homonymy served as models for the creation of new
nouns from verbs(smile v. smile n.) and vice versa (chance n. chance v.).
![OE lufu and lufian as ME love ['luvq]. Such cases of homonymy served as models for the](/img/thumbs/05214100b7028b90adddd9a02692bdb3-800x.jpg "Middle English OE lufu and lufian as ME love ['luvq]. Such cases of")
