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MUNICIPAL HYGIENE
Содержание
- 1. MUNICIPAL HYGIENE
- 2. Subject and tasks of municipal hygiene Municipal hygiene
- 3. The basic sections of municipal hygiene: .
- 4. Concept about climate and microclimateClimate – it
- 5. HEAT REGULATION SYSTEM OF ORGANISM AND INFLUENCE
- 6. WAYS OF PHYSICAL HEAT REGULATION (Thermo-return): 1.
- 7. WAYS OF PHYSICAL HEAT REGULATION
- 8. THE NORMS OF MICROCLIMATE FOR DIFFERENT PREMISES AND DEVICES FOR IT INVESTIGATION
- 9. Temperature of air, instruments of its measuring
- 10. THE THERMOGRAPH
- 11. Humidity of airKinds of humidity: а) Absolute
- 12. Devices for measurement of humidity of air: AUGUST’S PSYCHROMETER
- 13. ASSMAN’S PSYCHROMETER (Aspiration)
- 14. Devises for estimation speed movement of air 1. ANEMOMETER
- 15. 2. KATATERMOMETER By the katatermometer we investigate
- 16. " Rose of winds " The direction
- 17. DEVICES FOR ESTIMATION ATHMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
- 18. Слайд 18
- 19. METHODS OF COMPLEX ESTIMATION OF MICROCLIMATE
- 20. METHOD KATATHERMOMETRY We investigate the cooling-off
- 21. METHOD OF EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURES SPECIAL CHAMBER
- 22. NOMOGRAMM FOR DEFINITION EFECTIVE TEMPERATURE
- 23. METHOD OF EQUIVALENT - EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURES
- 24. METHOD OF EQUIVALENT - EFFECTIVE RADIATION
- 25. BY THERMAL FEELIND PEOPLE In a PREMISE:
- 26. DEVICE FOR ESTIMATION SKIN TEMPERATURE
- 27. Concept “weather” and “climate” Weather - dynamic
- 28. BASIC GROUPS WEATHER FORMING FACTORSGELIOPHYSICAL - intensity
- 29. 4. METEOROLOGICAL - temperature, humidity,
- 30. Слайд 30
- 31. CYСLONEANTICYСLONECYСLONE
- 32. The reasons of Metheotropic Reactions.
- 33. Displays of MR 1) Easy degree -
- 34. Diseases, at which are marked MR1) Diseases,
- 35. 2) Diseases, at which there are data
- 36. Medical estimation of weatherIn a basis of
- 37. Definition degree variability of weather.
- 38. Degree variability of weather
- 39. Scientists Yalta scientific research institute named by
- 40. System of prevention of MR 1) General
- 41. 3) Treatment-and-prophylactic measures: а) Increase nonspecific
- 42. Seasons for seasonal prophylaxis cardiovascular diseases for
- 43. Hygienic value climateClimate - a long-term mode
- 44. COEFFICIENT INSTABILITY of CLIMATE
- 45. ACCLIMATIZATION Acclimatization - complex functional - morphological
- 46. Prevention adverse displays of acclimatization: Elimination of
- 47. Скачать презентанцию
Subject and tasks of municipal hygiene Municipal hygiene – section of hygiene, studying influence factors of environment on the person and developing preventive actions for creation favorable conditions of life of the
Слайды и текст этой презентации
Слайд 3The basic sections of municipal hygiene:
. Hygiene of air
(action of it physical and chemical factors on organism, problems
of air pollution),Hygiene of water and water supply,
Hygiene of ground (endemic and epidemic diseases),,
Hygiene of the occupied places, hygienic demands to clearing of occupied places,
Influence weather and climate on the person, prevention meteothropic reactions in people,
Recreational hygiene, prevention pollution of health resort resourses
Слайд 4Concept about climate and microclimate
Climate – it is average long-term
complex of physical parameters of atmosphere air in significant territory
(region, country, etc.).Microclimate – it is physical parameters of air in small territory (quarter, street) or in rooms.
Major factors of microclimate:
Temperature of air
Humidity of air
Speed of air movement
Atmospheric pressure (it is usual is not taken into account at estimation microclimate).
Слайд 5HEAT REGULATION SYSTEM OF ORGANISM AND
INFLUENCE FACTORS OF MICROCLIMATE
HEAT REGULATION SYSTEM
CHEMICAL HEAT REGULATION Q1 (Thermo-genesis),
PHYSICAL HEAT REGULATION Q2 (Thermo-return) Q1 = Q2
CHEMICAL HEAT REGULATION Q1 (thermo-genesis)
It depend only from Тemperature of air
(Zone of apathy - 15-25 0С – optimal state of heat regulation)
Below 15 0С - rising of thermo-genesis, Above 25 0С - decreasing of thermo-genesis.
Above 35 0С – failures of thermoregulation system - (Thermal fatigue, Thermal edema foots, Thermal attrition, Thermal cramps, Thermal shock, Thermal syncope)
Слайд 6WAYS OF PHYSICAL HEAT REGULATION (Thermo-return):
1. HEAT - CODUCTION
(30-40 %) – conduction heat to objects of environment
А) Convection
- to air (depends from Т, Е, V)B) Conduction – to contact subjects (depends from Т of a subject, it heat conductivity and area of contact with a subject)
2. HEAT - EVAPORATION (10-15 %) – evaporation of perspiration from surface of the body
Depends from Т, Е, V of air
3. HEAT - IRRADIATION (40-45 %) giving heat to environment by Infra-red beams
Depends from radiation Т - difference between temperature of body (36,6 C) and temperature of environmental objects (walls, floor, furniture)
Слайд 9Temperature of air, instruments of its measuring
The thermometers may
be: home, minimum and maximal.
The home thermometer - shows temperature
in the given place, it does not fix the temperature.The minimal thermometer fixes least temperature for any period.
The maximal thermometer fixes greatest temperature for any period. The medical thermometers are kind of maximal thermometers.
Слайд 11Humidity of air
Kinds of humidity:
а) Absolute – amount of
water pairs in air in present time (g / m3
or mm. Hg.)b) Maximal - the greatest possible saturation of air by water pairs at given temperature,
c) Relative = absolute / maximal in %.
Norm of air humidity is 40-60 % (30-70 %),
at smaller humidity - dryness of skin and mucous membranes, at the greater – infringement of heat return.
In operational hall - up to 55 % (prevention explosion narcotic-air mix).
Слайд 152. KATATERMOMETER
By the katatermometer we investigate Cooling ability of
air (CAA).
Then we calculate speed of movement of air
from CAA under the formula Hill.where Н — cooling ability of air, Q — a difference
between temperature of body of the man (36,5 С) and temperature of a premise (room), 0,2 and 0,4 — empirical factors, Х — speed of movement of air in m/s.
Слайд 16" Rose of winds "
The direction of a wind
can be: north - east, north, north – west, west,
south – west, south, south – east, east.For investigation direction air movement on open places use Wind rose - graphic representation of primary direction of air movement in the given district during year - is very important at accommodation various objects of pollution.
Слайд 19 METHODS OF COMPLEX ESTIMATION OF MICROCLIMATE
It is estimation
of all factors of microclimate in room by one index.
Application methods of complex estimation of microclimate:- for estimation microclimate in room
- for improvement microclimate in room (air condition)
- in health resort science – for dozation of air procedures
in hygiene of work – in hot industry
Слайд 20METHOD KATATHERMOMETRY
We investigate the cooling-off period of dry
katatermometer from 38 С up to 35 С in sec.
Cooling ability of air is determined under the formula :
F
H = --------, where F - factor of katatermometer,
t t – time of cooling in sec.
Norm H - 5,5 - 7 mcal / sm2 sec
Слайд 21 METHOD OF EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURES
SPECIAL CHAMBER
t
C
E = 100%, V = 0 m/s
Zone of comfort 17,1 – 21,7 0C (50% of investigated person)
Line of comfort 18,1 – 18,9 0C (100% of investigated person)
Слайд 23 METHOD OF EQUIVALENT - EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURES
In other special
chambers were changed parameters of T, E, V so, that
thermal condition of person was like, as in zone of comfort in first chamber.The tables of interrelation Т, Е, V for reaching zone comfort on effective temperature were created.
It is the base of conditioning of air.
Слайд 24 METHOD OF EQUIVALENT - EFFECTIVE RADIATION TEMPERATURES
Besides other
factors of microclimate was taken into account radiation temperature (difference
between temperature of body and temperature of environmental objects).
Слайд 25BY THERMAL FEELIND PEOPLE In a PREMISE: 1) biographical method -
interrogation people in a premise about their thermal feeling 2)
method of dermal temperatures:
Слайд 27Concept “weather” and “climate”
Weather - dynamic complex of physical
properties of air for a short time interval (hours, day,
weeks).Climate - the long-term mode of weather in the given district, it parameters - monthly average temperature of air, average amount days with deposits and etc.
Thus, weather - the changeable phenomenon, a climate - statistically constant parameters.
Слайд 28BASIC GROUPS WEATHER FORMING FACTORS
GELIOPHYSICAL - intensity solar radiation, solar
activity.
PARAMETERS OF SOLAR ACTIVITY:
1) Wolf coefficient (W) -
amount maculae on the Sun2) Coefficient S - general area of maculae on the Sun
3) Intensity of radio emission of the Sun on a wavelength 10,7 sm
4) Intensity «solar wind» - corpuscular streams (protons, electrons etc.) from the Sun
2. GEOPHYSICAL - intensity geomagnetic field, geomagnetic activity (magnetic fluctuations and impulses)
ELECTRICAL STATE OF THE ATMOSPHERE - electric intensity, potential gradient, electric conductivity of air, ionization (contents + or – aeroions), electromagnetic oscillations.
Слайд 29 4. METEOROLOGICAL - temperature, humidity, speed and direction
of air, atmospheric pressure, etc.
5. SYNOPTIC - cloudiness, deposits
Synoptic
factors are caused by atmospheric circulation of warm and cold air masses. 3 types of air masses - warm, cold, neutral (local). At their movement are formed
atmospheric fronts - warm, cold, occlusion.
6. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION of ATMOSPHERE - content О2, СО2, pollutants
Слайд 30 Types
of atmospheric circulation:
Cyclone - atmospheric whirlwind with low pressure in
the center and movement of air weights counter-clockwise. It is characterized by unstable weather - it is cloudy, deposits, hurricanes, typhoons. The big differences of pressure, temperatures, contents О 2.
Biothopic weather.
Anticyclone - the atmospheric phenomenon with a high pressure in the center and movement of air clockwise.
Clear weather - strong heat in the summer or a frost in the winter. Sharp differences are not present - more favorable weather.
Слайд 32
The reasons of Metheotropic Reactions.
At a periodical
sharp changes of weather factors at people can arise MR,
expressed than more, than sharper changes of weather are observed during day or some hours.All people by metheo-sensibility share on 2 categories:
а) meteostable - tolerant - young healthy people
b) meteosensitive - by the different data it is 30-70 % of the population, in old age, among ill patients - up to 90 %.
Слайд 33Displays of MR
1) Easy degree - asteno-vegetative syndrome.
(Mass
character and synchronism with changes of weather - presence MR).
2)
Average degree - the head and intimate pains, the expressed changes of pulse, the BP, asthma.3) Heavy degree - aggravation of chronic diseases - insults, heart attacks, attacks bronchial asthma - growth mortality of patients.
Слайд 34Diseases, at which are marked MR
1) Diseases, at which presence
МR is authentically proved:
- Cardiovascular diseases - statistically growth number
of insults, hypertonic crisises, heart attacks and mortality at biothropic weather,- Bronchial asthma - increase attacks of asthma, mortality of patients,
- Rheumatism - activation disease, strengthening polyarthritis, artralgya - at 90 % of patients,
CNPD (chronic nonspecific pulmonary diseases) - in 60-72 % of patients.
Слайд 352) Diseases, at which there are data on presence МR:
-
Diseases gastro-enteritis way (stomach ulcer, gastritis, colitis) - 40-60 %
of patients- Illnesses of kidneys - 40-50 %,
- Diabetes - 20 %,
- Psychyatric frustration - 50 % of patients,
- Ophthalmologic, surgical pathology etc.
Among ill children 25-45 % - meteosensitive.
Слайд 36Medical estimation of weather
In a basis of all medical classifications
- the concept of N.Vvedenski about force of external irritation:
low, average and high level.By G.Fedorov's classification - 3 types of weather: optimal, irritating and acute, by other classifications from 4 up to 7 types.
The main thing in medical estimation weather - account quickly fluctuation of weather factors - it differences during the hour, day.
Слайд 37Definition degree variability of weather.
N
К = -------- х 100 %,
n Where:
K - coefficient variability of weather, %
N - number days with contrast change of weather
n - total number days in the season
Слайд 39Scientists Yalta scientific research institute named by Sechenov have offered
General Clinical Index of Pathogenicity of Weather - the sum
of changes of individual indexes of weather for day by the most important factors. If the Index 0-19 - optimal weather,
If the Index 20-49 - irritating weather (demands strengthened medical control),
If the Index more than 50 - sharp weather (demands strict medical control).
Слайд 40System of prevention of MR
1) General hygienical methods -
improvement conditions of life and work, normalization microclimate, measures for
decrease negative influence weather at works on open air (in agriculture, construction etc.).2) Organizational measures: account metheosensibility patients in a polyclinic and a hospital, organization medical weather forecasts, medical recommendations to the population in MASS-MEDIA etc.
Слайд 413) Treatment-and-prophylactic measures:
а) Increase nonspecific resistancy of organism
- stay on fresh air, vitamins, balanced diet etc.
b) Sparing mode – stay in bed, restriction of climatic and physiotherapeutic procedures, prohibition of operations, stomatologic procedures, direction in dispensaries, sanatoria etc.в) Pharmacological measures by specific and nonspecific means - sedative, hypotensive, etc.
Can be seasonal prevention - regular reception small dozes preparations in adverse months in the given area.
Слайд 42Seasons for seasonal prophylaxis cardiovascular diseases for the south of
Ukraine and in Crimea (V.Bardov, 1990)
Most unfavorable months on
rising frequency of exacerbations: hypertonic crisises - 2,3,4,5 and 12
attacks stenocardia -1,2,3,4,5 and 11
myocardial infarction -1,2,3,4,5,7,8
violation of cerebral circulation (insults)- 1,3,4,5,6,12
Urgent prevention measures will be carried out for metheosensitive cardiological and other patients in hospital in the periods and days biothropic weathers on the basis of urgent medical weather forecasts.
Слайд 43Hygienic value climate
Climate - a long-term mode of weather in
the given district. CLIMATE FORMING FACTORS
1. Geographical
latitude, defining inflow solar radiation2. Height above sea level, relief and kind of earth surface (water, land, green, snow)
3. Features of circulation of air masses
4. Closeness to the seas and oceans.
THE BASIC PARAMETERS of CLIMATE:
Monthly and year average parameters:
1. Temperature of air
2. Humidity
3. Amount of deposits
4. Atmospheric pressure
5. Rose of winds and it speed
6. Amount clear and bad weather days
7. Duration of winter
Слайд 44COEFFICIENT INSTABILITY of CLIMATE
К = А/В,
Where: A - amount days with labile weather
В - amount days in the season (season, year)
The coefficient К > 0,5 is regarded as unfavorable weather
Слайд 45ACCLIMATIZATION
Acclimatization - complex functional - morphological changes in organism,
directed to the adaptation to new climatic conditions.
2
stages:а) Partial acclimatization or adaptation - the first hours - 14 day (at ill people - about 30 and more days).
b) Full acclimatization - after 14 day - some months, to conditions of Far North - up to 1,5 years.
During acclimatization it is reduced resistancy of organism to adverse factors of environment - growth diseases, asteno-vegetative syndrome etc.
Слайд 46Prevention adverse displays of acclimatization:
Elimination of the reasons
- to avoid without necessity sharp changes of a climate,
is especial the patient, to older persons and children,Increase general resistancy of organism - hardening, a balanced diet etc.
- Sparing mode of climatic procedures on southern resorts.
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