Part 1 What is heliography?

— was invented around 1824 by Nicéphore Niépce. Images were

obtained with bitumen of Judea spread on a silver plate after an exposure time of several days. In 1829, Niépce associated Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre to his research. In 1832, they put the last touches, using a residue of lavender oil distillation, by means of a second process producing images in a one day exposure time.

What is a black sticky substance which is obtained from tar or petrol and is used in making roads?
An _________________ of a photographic film for a relatively long period
A _______________ of something is a small amount that remains after most of it has gone.

tar or petrol and is used in making roads? (bitumen)
An

exposure of a photographic film for a relatively long period
A residue  of something is a small amount that remains after most of it has gone.

few seconds

How to use the word “exposure “
the fact of experining

sth or being affected by it
We know that prolonged exposure to vibration can weaken aircraft components.
2)  the fact of something bad that someone has done being made public
The exposure of the politician's love affair  forced him to resign.
3) A single photograph on a piece of film
There are 24 exposures on this film

Niépce died, and Daguerre invented, in 1838, on his own

the daguerreotype, the first process including a development stage. A silver plate coated with a very thin silver iodide layer was exposed in a camera obscura, then exposed to mercury vapors that induced the apparition of the invisible latent image that had been formed during the exposure to light. This development was in fact such an amplification of the effect of light that the exposure time was hardly more than 30 minutes. Fixing was done by immersing the plate in sea salted water.
Find the definition to
1) the earliest photographic process
2) a darkened chamber in which images of outside objects are projected  onto a flat surface
3) the invisible image produced by the action of light
4) is someone you see or think you see but who is not really there as a physical being

July 1839 1) ________ Frenchman, Hippolyte Bayard, discovered the way

to obtain positive images directly 2)_______ paper. A sheet of paper covered with silver chloride was blackened by light, 3)_________ exposed in a camera obscura after having been sensitized in silver iodide. The exposure 4)_______ was from 30 minutes 5)____________ 2 hours.

discovered the way to obtain positive images directly on paper.

A sheet of paper covered with silver chloride was blackened by light, then exposed in a camera obscura after having been sensitized in silver iodide. The exposure time was from 30 minutes to 2 hours.

Talbot
Still in 1839 , the announcement of the daguerreotype invention

incited an Englishman, William Henry Fox Talbot, to resume 1) _____ research, the beginning of which was in 1834. In 1841, he 2) _______the calotype, the first negative-positive process that made it possible to 3)_____ the same image, by 4)________ of an intermediate negative on a silver chloride paper made translucid with wax. As for the daguerreotype, the 5)____ image was developed by a chemical 6)_____ , the developer: a solution of gallic acid and silver nitate. A second sheet of paper also covered with silver chloride was then 7)______ through the translucid negative, to give the final positive.

A) agent b) multiply c) latent d ) patented e) interrupted f) exposed f) g) means

the announcement of the daguerreotype invention incited an Englishman, William

Henry Fox Talbot, to resume interrupted research, the beginning of which was in 1834. In 1841, he patented the calotype, the first negative-positive process that made it possible to multiply the same image, by means of an intermediate negative on a silver chloride paper made translucid with wax. As for the daguerreotype, the latent image was developed by a chemical agent, the developer: a solution of gallic acid and silver nitate. A second sheet of paper also covered with silver chloride was then exposed through the translucid negative, to give the final positive.

images
To associate someone to research – to find a

partner or a companion
To immerse in sth
To be coated with
To be formed during the exposure to light
To sensitize – to make someone/ something sensitive to sth
To multiply the same image
To give the final positive
The announcement of an invention
A development stage

owe to John Herschell the discovery, in 1839, of the

way to fix images by dipping them in a sodium hyposulfite bath, which is still used today as the main component of photographic fix-baths. The main advantages of the calotype were the easiness with which one could manipulate the paper prints and the possibility of multi-printing. On the other hand, the sharpness, limited by the fibers in the negative paper, could not compete with the daguerreotype.

of photography ?
Hippolyte Fizeau
Word formation
To reduce further the 1)___________(EXPOSE)

time , short focal lenses were created , letting more light in the camera , however keeping the 2)_______________ (SHARP) on the whole image . In 1841 , the 3)___________(PHYSICS) Fizeau replaced silver iodide by silver bromide, the 4)______________ (SENSE) of which to light was far superior . Time exposures of 5)_____________ (BARE) a few seconds were needed to obtain a daguerreotype and so it became possible to do portraits.

, short focal lenses were created , letting more light

in the camera , however keeping the sharpness on the whole image . In 1841 , the physicist Fizeau replaced silver iodide by silver bromide, the sensibility of which to light was far superior . Time exposures of barely a few seconds were needed to obtain a daguerreotype and so it became possible to do portraits.

Abel Niépce de Saint-Victor
To improve the calotype negative transparency, Abel

Niépce de Saint-Victor had the idea, in 1847, to replace paper with _______. So that the silver bromide adhered to ____________, he mixed it with albumen (egg white). Even though a bit too contrasty, the images then became much sharper, forcing opticians to work on higher definition lenses.

negative transparency, Abel Niépce de Saint-Victor had the idea, in

1847, to replace paper with glass. So that the silver bromide adhered to glass, he mixed it with albumen (egg white). Even though a bit too contrasty, the images then became much sharper, forcing opticians to work on higher definition lenses.

albumen by collodion, the base of which is gun-cotton (cellulose

nitrate). The black and white images obtained with this process reached a quality unknown until then. The only drawbacks were that the picture had to be taken while the collodion on the plate was still humid and the development had to happen immediately after the exposure.

then?

Maddox and Charles Bennet
In 1871, another Englishman, Richard Meaddox, resolved

this problem by replacing collodion by gelatin, a process perfected by Charles Bennet, who demonstrated that gelatinized plates acquired a high sensitivity when they were kept for a few days at 32° Celsius. Not only could the gelatino-bromide plates be stored before use, but their sensitivity was such that the exposure time could not exceed a fraction of a second.
The story of the shutter started shortly before 1880, because the high sensitivity of these plates made it necessary to conceive mechanisms able to let light enter the camera for 1/100th and even 1/1000th of a second. It became necessary to precisely evaluate light intensity, and the light meter then became a real measuring device.

The first tries were due to Edmond Becquerel in 1848.

In 1851, Niépce de St-Victor showed that a silver plate coated with a layer of pure silver chloride reproduced colors directly, but in an unstable manner.
In 1869, Louis Ducos du Hauron, in Agen, made the first color photograph applying the principle demonstrated by Maxwell of light decomposition in three primary colors: red, yellow and blue. He made three photos of the same subject, each of them through a different filter: a red, a yellow, and a blue one. He obtained three positives that he dyed with the color corresponding to each filter. By superimposing in register the three images, he got the restitution of the colors.
Write down the collocations with the word COLOUR

colours
to dye with the colour
the colour corresponding to the

filter
The restitution of the colours
To give color photography a new direction
To obtain photos in direct colours

form
The physicist Gabriel Lippman 1)_________ (to recieve) the Nobel

prize in 1906 for 2)_____________ (to find) in 1891 a way to obtain photos in direct colors on one plate, by an interferencial process prefiguring Holography. Too complicated, this invention 3)__________ (to remain) only a laboratory feat.
The first monoplate color process practicable by amateurs 4)___________ (to create) in 1906. The autochrome plate invented by the Lumière brothers 5) _____________ (to base) upon the principle of the trichromatic synthesis, realized on only one plate by 6)____________ (to join) to it a mosaic of microfilters in the primary colors realized with minuscule colored grains of potato starch.
The discovery by R. Fisher around 1911 of the chromogene developer gave color photography a new direction. It 8) __________ (to notice ) that some developers gave images with one color instead of black and white.

in 1906 for having found in 1891 a way to

obtain photos in direct colors on one plate, by an interferencial process prefiguring Holography. Too complicated, this invention remained only a laboratory feat.
The first monoplate color process practicable by amateurs was created in 1906. The autochrome plate invented by the Lumière brothers was based upon the principle of the trichromatic synthesis, realized on only one plate by joining to it a mosaic of microfilters in the primary colors realized with minuscule colored grains of potato starch.
The discovery by R. Fisher around 1911 of the chromogene developer gave color photography a new direction. It had been noticed that some developers gave images with one color instead of black and white.