Pronouns in discourse

examples of expressions.
used by speakers to refer to 'given' entities.

Pronouns are typically uttered with low pitch in spoken discourse and, as such, are types of referring expressions which, in Chafe's terms (1976), are phonologically and lexically 'attenuated'. Because of their lack of 'content', they have become the crucial test-case items for any theory of reference. After all, to what does the expression it refer, in isolation? The fact that there is no reasonable answer to this question has led many linguists to suggest that a pronominal such as it is not actually a referring expression, but can only be used
co-referentially, that is, within a text which also includes a full nominal expression.

that the interpretation of the pronoun in (36) is arrived

at by a simple process of
replacing it with my hair, as in (36a). (36) I've just had my hair curled and it looks windblown all the time.
 
(36a) My hair looks windblown all the time. Such a view has been described already in section 6.1.2, and is normally expressed in terms of the pronominal 'referring back' to its antecedent nominal (cf. Carpenter &Just, 1977a: 236), or in terms of the pronominal 'substituting for' the antecedent (cf. Tyler, 1978: 336). This general view has been characterised as the 'pronominal surrogate hypothesis' by McKay &Fulkerson (1979). They demonstrate, in an experimental situation, that it is not the case that 'the nature of the antecedent completely determines the interpretation of the pronoun'

in may seem to make the information carried by a

pronoun unnecessarily complex. There is evidence, however, that speakers' use of pronouns is indeed influenced by the predicates attached to antecedent nominals. This are presented as two examples.
 
1. There's two different ladies go up to the whist and both have a wig and they're most natural.
2. Even an apprentice can make over twenty pound a week and they don't get much tax [taken] from that.

pronouns, we have concentrated so far on examples where some

type of nominal antecedent does exist in the discourse prior to theoccurrence of the pronoun. The inadequacy of the substitution approach is even more apparent in those situations where a pronoun occurs in a discourse with no antecedent nominal at all. It may be of interest to consider such examples in terms of their 'givenlnew' structure, as described in Chapter 5. That is, the speaker may structure his message in such a way that some 'new' information isattached to a 'given' element (i.e. a pronoun), intending to provide the hearer with a 'given / new' interpretive procedure. However, the hearer may have to reverse that procedure and use the 'new' information to decide what the 'given' referent must have been. The use of the pronoun she near the end of extract (41) provides one example of this process.