Scientific Supervisor – Svetlana Smirnova Presented by – Pratima Raj & Raj

Smirnova Presented by –Pratima Raj & Raj Patel Group – LA2 192 B

The Haeckel – Muller biogenetic law
And its development A.N.Severstov
,phylogenesis of the chord avian respiratory
System.
Developmental disorders of the respiratory
System in humans.

and evolution proposed by Ernst Haeckel in Germany in the

1860s. It is one of several recapitulation theories, which posit that the stages of development for an animal embryo are the same as other animals' adult stages or forms.

coined by Ernst Haeckel, a 19th century German biologist and

philosopher to mean that the development of an organism (ontogeny) expresses all the intermediate forms of its ancestors throughout evolution (phylogeny).

...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) ...
Chronic Bronchitis. ...

Emphysema. ...
Lung Cancer. ...
Cystic Fibrosis/Bronchiectasis. ...
Pneumonia. ...
Pleural Effusion.

but also the upper respiratory tract, the supporting musculoskeletal system

and the vascular and neural system. In addition, some respiratory problems arise from prematurity of birth or difficulty with the birth process itself.
The functional part of the respiratory system, the alveoli, continue to develop the postnatal period and through childhood

range of diseases of the airways and the other structures

of the lungs. They include asthma and respiratory allergies, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), occupational lung diseases, sleep apnea syndrome and pulmonary hypertension.

tract is low and their effects are particularly seen during

the first year of life. Congenital disorders can be subdivided into abnormalities of the thorax, specifically the diaphragm (hernia of the diaphragm), the lung (lung sequestration, cystic adenomatoid malformation, bronchogenic cyst, foregut cyst), the blood supply (aberrant vascularisation, double arch of the aorta), the airways (tracheal rings, tracheomalacia, tracheal atresia) and the larynx and oral cavity. Investigation and management of these diseases is usually organised in specialised centres.

planet for over 150 million years and become the most

speciose clade of modern vertebrates. Their biological success has been ascribed to important evolutionary novelties including feathers, powered flight, and respiratory system, some of which have a deep evolutionary history even before the origin of birds. The last two decades have witnessed a wealth of exceptionally preserved feathered non-avian dinosaurs and primitive birds, which provide the most compelling evidence supporting the hypothesis that birds are descended from theropod dinosaurs.

high altitudes must support vigorous exercise in oxygen-thin environments. Here

we discuss the characteristics that help high-fliers sustain the high rates of metabolism needed for flight at elevation. Many traits in the O2 transport pathway distinguish birds in general from other vertebrates. These include enhanced gas-exchange effectiveness in the lungs, maintenance of O2 delivery and oxygenation in the brain during hypoxia, augmented O2 diffusion capacity in peripheral tissues, and a high aerobic capacity. These traits are not high-altitude adaptations, because they are also characteristic of lowland birds, but are nonetheless important for hypoxia tolerance and exercise capacity.