to their ways of communicating, into high-context (much of the
information is implicit) and low-context cultures (nearly everything is explicit).U.S. sociologists Talcott Parsons and Edward Shils (1951) suggested that all
human action is determined by five pattern variables, choices between pairs of alternatives:
1. Affectivity (need gratification) versus affective neutrality (restraint of impulses);
2. Self-orientation versus collectivity-orientation;
3. Universalism (applying general standards) versus particularism (taking particular
relationships into account);
4. Ascription (judging others by who they are) versus achievement (judging them by
what they do);
5. Specificity (limiting relations to others to specific spheres) versus diffuseness (no
prior limitations to nature of relations).