Sergey N Khrunkov PhD in engineering, Deputy dean of the Institute of Transport

of Transport Systems, head of department
“Power Plants and Heat

Engines”.

Contacts:
603950, Russia, Nizhny Novgorod, Minin str., 24, of.1358.
phone: +7 902 786 81 18 e-mail: khrunkov@mail.ru

786 81 18 e-mail: khrunkov@mail.ru
Education:

1998 - master's degree “Marine power plants”, NNSTU.

Sergey N Khrunkov

Publications:
total number - 123,
among them 8 textbooks,
9 articles published in English.

Grants:
total number - 8,
the total cost is about 2 mln $.

Activities:
member of the Board
of Shipbuilding and Aeronautic Associations of Russian Universities.

to be known by everyone who is going to become

an oil engineer are considered.
The history of oil and gas application, the development and modern state of oil and gas industry are described. The course informs us about oil and gas reserves in the world and the largest world deposits. Also oil and gas fields search and exploration, wells drilling, fields development, oil and gas refining are described. Such aspects as transportation, storage and distribution of oil, oil products and gas, as well as pipelines and storages design and construction are to be covered.

of classes: lectures 2 hours a week, seminars 1 hour

a week.

Forms of control: 1 test, 1 essay and the exam.

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering

and gas recovery. – DesignPolygraphService, Russia Ufa 2005, 528 p.
Short

J.A. Drilling: a source book on oil and gas well drilling from exploration to completion. – PennWell Publishing Company, USA Tusla, Oklahoma 1983, 588 p.

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering

standard fuel:
0.3 kg per person per day.
Energy source: food & wood.
Consumption

of standard fuel:
13 000 kg per person per day.

Energy source:
oil, gas, coal, hydro, nuclear, sun, wind.

conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in

form, but not created or destroyed.
The International System of Units (SI) unit of energy is the joule, which is the energy transferred to an object by the work of moving it at a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.

What is Energy?

In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat the object.

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering. INTRODUCTION: ENERGY

the ability to do work or to heat. Let’s consider

a classic example of energy from our daily life.

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering. INTRODUCTION: ENERGY

When we eat, our bodies transform the energy stored in the food into energy to do work. When we run or walk, we "burn" food energy in our bodies. Similarly machinery, vehicles, generators, light bulbs etc. also transform energy into work.

Joule discovered the mechanical equivalent of energy in a series

of experiments. The most famous of them used the "Joule apparatus".

ENERGY

The meaning of energy is the hidden ability to perform

a work. Energy exists in all objects of life, living or non-living.

Next let’s consider some basic forms of energy.

Energy also exists in natural sources. Since the possession of the energy differs in different cases, energy can be classified into different types of energy.

ENERGY
Mechanical energy is the energy associated with the motion and

position of an object. It is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy.

Kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion.

Potential energy is the energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects.

ENERGY
Thermal energy is a form of energy associated with the

movement of atoms, molecules, or other particles that make up objects.

Thermal energy can be released as a result of mechanical action (friction), chemical reaction (combustion) or nuclear (nuclear fission).
Most often, thermal energy occurs as a result of burning different types of fuel.

ENERGY
Electrical energy is a form of energy associated with the

movement and accumulation of charged particles.

Electrical energy is not used directly. It is necessary to obtain light, mechanical and thermal forms of energy. Electrical energy can be transmitted over long distances, but it cannot be stored in large quantities.

ENERGY
Chemical energy is the potential of a chemical substance to

undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction to transform other chemical substances.

Examples include batteries, food, gasoline, and etc. Breaking or making of chemical bonds involves energy, which may be either absorbed or evolved from a chemical system (exothermic and endothermic reactions).

ENERGY
Nuclear energy is the energy contained in atomic nuclei and

released by nuclear reactions and radioactive decay.

In nature, nuclear energy is released in the stars. Humanity apply nuclear energy mainly in nuclear weapons and in nuclear power plants.
The energy released during radioactive decay is used in long-lived heat sources in space.

ENERGY
Radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic radiation. The

forms include the sun, microwaves, radio waves and visible light energy.

The main source of energy for humanity is the Sun. This energy is transmitted to the Earth in the form of radiation. The radiant energy of the Sun reaches the Earth in the form of electromagnetic waves, covering a distance of 150 million kilometers in 500 seconds.

ancient times, people used energy only in mechanical form.
Sailing boat.
Windmill.
Water

wheel.

mechanical, thermal and electrical forms of energy are the most

common in engineering.

Steel plant.

Hydroelectric power station.

Excavator.

generator
electric motor
How to change the form of energy?
This is possible

when using special power plants, including power machines.

MECHANICAL ENERGY
(M)

ELECTRICAL ENERGY
(E)

heater
diesel-generator
How to change the form of energy?
This is possible

when using special power plants, including power machines.

ELECTRICAL ENERGY
(E)

THERMAL ENERGY
(T)

combustion engine
friction machine
How to change the form of energy?
This is

possible when using special power plants, including power machines.

MECHANICAL ENERGY
(M)

THERMAL ENERGY
(T)

of changes the forms of energy.
M
T
E
electric generator  95%
electric motor

 95%

electric heater  95%

diesel-generator  35%

internal combustion engine  35%

friction machine  95%

95%

35%

95%

35%

95%

95%

of changes the forms of energy.
Low efficiency of thermal energy

conversion is due to its nature.

Mechanical energy is associated with the directed movement of massive particles.

Electrical energy is associated with the directed movement of charged particles.

Thermal energy is associated with the chaotic movement of molecules.

Fuels
Non-Renewable Sources
Renewable Sources
Hydroelectricity
Solar power
Wind energy
Biomass
Geothermal

The non-renewable sources have been categorized into two major

groups and they are fossil and nuclear fuels. Fossil fuels are basically the derivatives of organic matter which are trapped in between the sedimentary layers under severe pressure and temperature for millions of years which lead to the formation of these crude deposits. The sedimentary remaining from plants converts into coal while the animal carcasses turn into petroleum crude. The deposits from these plants and animals are found to be very combustible which the quality is basically we look for in fuels.

Non-Renewable Sources.

The energy sources that cannot be recreated and which go on depleting as we use them are non-renewable energy sources. Once it gets extracted from Earth these forms of resources are lost for ever.

several petroleum products which are produced other than the main

products like gasoline, diesel, heating oil and jet fuels. Other than these we have naphtha products as well which are now used to produce plastics and poly-compounds. Leader of production is SA.

Non-Renewable Sources: Petroleum Crude

It’s a non-renewable resource which is
found in sedimentary layers in liquid form.

Natural gas is a large accumulation of gases formed

in the bowels of the Earth during anaerobic decomposition of organic substances.

Non-Renewable Sources: Natural Gas

The most common amongst these gases are Methane and Ethane. These are drilled and pumped out from their deposit layers and Russia and Iran are amongst the leading producers.

Huge quantities of natural gas (primarily methane) exist in the form of hydrates under sediment on offshore continental shelves and on land in arctic regions that experience permafrost, such as those in Siberia. Hydrates require a combination of high pressure and low temperature to form.

Coal
Lignite (brown coal)
Anthracite (hard coal)
Coal
Coal is a

sedimentary rock, mineral, fuel and raw material for the chemical industry. Formed due to compressed organic matter, solid in form and is basically used for thermal power generating units and other related industries. China is the largest producer.

Nuclear Fuels
Uranium is mined and enriched before used as fuel

in nuclear plants to produce and generate electricity.

It is materials that are used to carry out a nuclear fission reaction. Nuclear fuels primarily are mined for fission based energy production in specialized units.

Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile elements that are capable of nuclear fission. The most relevant fissile isotope is Uranium. Uranium can create a self-sustaining chain reaction that is controlled in a nuclear reactor, or uncontrolled in a nuclear weapon.

natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms,

it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth.

Renewable Sources.

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering. INTRODUCTION: ENERGY SOURCES

Included is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources. Renewable energy often displaces conventional fuels in the following areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating and transportation.

potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and

generator. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water outflow.

Renewable Sources: hydroelectricity

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering. INTRODUCTION: ENERGY SOURCES

ENERGY SOURCES
Water heating
Water treatment
Electricity generation
Solar energy is

radiant light and heat from the Sun. Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans – which cover about 71% of the globe – and atmosphere. Solar technologies are characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they use solar energy.

the use of air flow through wind turbines to provide

the mechanical power. Air flow can be used to run wind turbines. Modern utility-scale wind turbines range from around 100 W to 9 MW of rated power.

Renewable Sources: wind energy

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering. INTRODUCTION: ENERGY SOURCES

The power available from the wind is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases, power output increases up to the maximum output for the particular turbine. The use of wind power plants has many technical difficulties. The wind blows at different speeds and in different directions. The main thing is that the wind does not always blow.
Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high-altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms. Typically, full load hours of wind turbines vary between 16 and 57 percent annually, but might be higher in particularly favorable offshore sites.

from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers

to plants or plant-derived materials.

Renewable Sources: biomass

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering. INTRODUCTION: ENERGY SOURCES

As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Wood remains the largest biomass energy source today.

generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the

energy that determines the temperature of matter.

Renewable Sources: geothermal

Fundamentals of petroleum engineering. INTRODUCTION: ENERGY SOURCES

The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of materials.
Superheated water is present in the volcanic zones of the planet, including Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands, Japan and the Philippines, the vast territories of the Cordillera and the Andes.
Only a few countries in the world could use this source.

ENERGY SOURCES

The prosperity of people directly depends on the energy production.

This is illustrated in the graph, where the GDP is gross domestic product.

str., 24, of.1358.
phone: +7 902 786 81 18

e-mail: khrunkov@mail.ru