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Stylistics of the English Language 4 Koroteeva Valentina Vladimirovna, презентация, доклад

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Lexical Stylistics OutlineWord and Connotation TypesWord and PolysemyTropes

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Слайд 1Stylistics of the English Language 4 Koroteeva Valentina Vladimirovna, valentina.shilova77@gmail.com

Stylistics of the  English Language 4     Koroteeva  Valentina Vladimirovna, valentina.shilova77@gmail.com

Слайд 2Lexical Stylistics Outline

Word and Connotation Types
Word and Polysemy
Tropes







Lexical Stylistics  OutlineWord and Connotation TypesWord and PolysemyTropes

Слайд 3Word
Word Meaning

grammatical meaning lexical meaning

(noun, verb, adjective)

denotative connotative
meaning meaning
(logical/nominative meaning)
WordWord Meaninggrammatical meaning     lexical meaning   (noun, verb, adjective)

Слайд 4Task 1: Connotation and Denotation
“All the world’s a stage, And all the

men and women merely players; They have their exits and their

entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts …”
[W.Shakespeare, As you Like It]
Task 1: Connotation and Denotation“All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They

Слайд 5Connotation Types
Evaluative component (e.g. What a wonderful story!)
Emotive component (e.g.

He is full of anger/I don’t want to see this

fool again!)
Expressive component (e.g. He gulped a glass of water in three seconds)
Stylistic component (e.g. Your father is a nice chap)
Pragmatic (sweetheart)/ Associative (to excavate/a tomb) / Ideological components (the poor= the less successful)
Connotation TypesEvaluative component (e.g. What a wonderful story!)Emotive component (e.g. He is full of anger/I don’t want

Слайд 6Emotive Versus Expressive component
EMOTIVE connotation
always entails expressiveness but not vice versa


depicts a temporary sensation – joy, fright, anger, surprise, annoyance
is

syntactically optional (for example it is always possible to omit interjections without any violation of syntactic structure),
only one emotional word in a sentence is able to eradiate and confer emotionality on the whole phrase
EXPRESSIVE connotation
is conveyed via intensifiers (really, quite, frightfully, absolutely)
suggests additional semantic component to the denotative meaning of the word (to work – to toil, to drink –to gulp, to chew- to chomp).
Emotive Versus Expressive componentEMOTIVE connotationalways entails expressiveness but not vice versa depicts a temporary sensation – joy,

Слайд 7Task 2: Connotation Types (evaluative, emotive, expressive, stylistic, pragmatic, associative,

ideological)
‘No matter where life takes me, find me with a

smile
Pursuit to be happy, only laughing like a child
I never thought life would be this sweet
It got me cheesin' from cheek to cheek
And I ain't going to wait for nothing
Cause that just ain't my style
Life couldn't get better
This 'gon be the best day ever ’

[Mac Miller, song – Best Day Ever ]
Task 2: Connotation Types  (evaluative, emotive, expressive, stylistic, pragmatic, associative, ideological)‘No matter where life takes me,

Слайд 8Task 2 Analysis
The denotative component of the nonce expression -

cheesing from cheek to cheek is “smiling widely form ear

to ear”
There are several connotations distinguished:
Emotive – it is humorous (play on words: ‘say cheese’, ‘to grin from ear to ear’ are regular expressions, in this context the author creates a new one– ‘to cheese from cheek to cheek’)
Evaluative – it is positive (a shade of approval)
Expressive – it is unexpected (“cheesing” has got its neutral counterpart in literary lexis – ‘to smile’)
Pragmatic – it is based on a cliché ‘say cheese’ so intended for the audience with a particular cultural background, also meant to amuse
Associative – it evokes the idea of photographing
Stylistic – it is low colloquial

Task 2 AnalysisThe denotative component of the nonce expression - cheesing from cheek to cheek is “smiling

Слайд 9Monosemy and Polysemy
When a word has only one meaning it

is called monosemic:
"Monosemy is probably most clearly found in specialized

vocabulary dealing with technical topics." [The Handbook of Linguistics by William Croft, 2003]
Polysemy is a linguistic phenomenon when we observe one word have two or more meanings:
“semantic changes often add meanings to the language without subtracting any.” [M. Lynne Murphy,Lexical Meaning, 2010]


Monosemy and PolysemyWhen a word has only one meaning it is called monosemic:

Слайд 10Polysemy and Stylistic Devices
Quite a few of stylistic devices are

based on polysemy, for example, zeugma and pun draw upon

the difference in meaning:
“…Dora, plunging at once into privileged intimacy and into the middle of the room.” [B.Shaw] (to plunge= 1) to throw oneself into; dash; 2) to devote oneself to)
“The tallest building in town is the library — it has thousands of stories! ” (story=1) a piece of fiction; 2) a floor)
Polysemy and Stylistic DevicesQuite a few of stylistic devices are based on polysemy, for example, zeugma and

Слайд 11Polysemy and Contextual Meaning
contextual meaning is brought about by a

specific context which emphasises certain semantic traits of a word

suppressing some other ones:
“It was an idyllic day; sunny, warm and perfect for a walk in the park.”

direct meaning: idyllic=1) of or relating to an idyll; 2) picturesque
contextual meaning: idyllic=relating to a period of good weather

Polysemy and Contextual Meaningcontextual meaning is brought about by a specific context which emphasises certain semantic traits

Слайд 12Polysemy: Oppositions of Meanings
direct and derived/figurative: nightingale – a bird

and a singer
generalised and specific: in flower – a flower
usual

and occasional: blue sky-angry sky
ordinary and terminological: enduring values – numerical value
neutral and stylistically marked: old coat – old boy
contemporary and obsolete: to stone the rats - she stoned, closing her heart to everyone


Polysemy: Oppositions of Meaningsdirect and derived/figurative: nightingale – a bird and a singergeneralised and specific: in flower

Слайд 13Direct and Figurative Meaning
direct meaning names an object and can

be realised outside of any context:
My Watch by M.Twain
figurative meaning,

besides naming, describes and characterises some object via its similarity or other connection with another object:
She was a dynamo of activity. She was here, there and everywhere… [Monica Dickens, One Pair of Feet]
Dynamo=1) a device for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, 2) infl an energetic hard-working person
Direct and Figurative Meaningdirect meaning names an object and can be realised outside of any context:My Watch

Слайд 14Figurative Meaning - Tropes
TROPE
any literary or rhetorical device that

consists in the use of words in other than their

literal sense
a word, phrase, or image used in a new and different way in order to create an artistic effect
Figurative Meaning - TropesTROPE any literary or rhetorical device that consists in the use of words in

Слайд 15Tropes and Figures of Speech
based on comparison (affinity):
metaphor
simile
personification
allusion
antonomasia
allegory
based on contiguity

(proximity):
metonymy
synecdoche
based on opposition:
irony
antithesis
based on understatement:
understatement
litotes
based on overstatement:
hyperbole
periphrasis
euphemism

Tropes and Figures of Speechbased on comparison (affinity):metaphorsimilepersonificationallusionantonomasiaallegorybased on contiguity (proximity):metonymysynecdochebased on opposition:ironyantithesisbased on understatement:understatementlitotesbased on overstatement:hyperboleperiphrasiseuphemism

Слайд 16Tropes based on Affinity: Metaphor
a transfer of the

meaning on the basis of comparison (affinity):

“Guiseppe Martini said that

"Family is the Country of the Heart". We spend so much of our lives in exile, but on the holidays we make the pilgrimage home to the nation of our heart. Wherever that may be.”[Being Erica, S03E13]

Family is likened to a country, a big space, where our most personal, dear thoughts and actions take place.



Tropes based on Affinity: Metaphor  a transfer of the meaning on the basis of comparison (affinity):“Guiseppe

Слайд 17Metaphor Types (5)
1) simple/ authentic metaphor:

“Sometime too hot the eye

of heaven shines” [W.Shakespeare] (eye of heaven=sun)

2) trite/ dead/ hackneyed

metaphor :

the mouth of a river, snow white dress, coral lips
Metaphor Types (5)1) simple/ authentic metaphor:“Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines” [W.Shakespeare] (eye of heaven=sun)2)

Слайд 18Metaphor Types
3) sustained/ extended metaphor :
“He began to be

frightfully jealous of everything about Clara: of her past, of

her babies, of the men and women who flocked to drink deep of her cool kindness and rest their tired minds as at an absorbing play.” [F.S.Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise, p.137]
4) mixed metaphor – a combination of metaphors which seems incongruous producing a strange image in the mind, often having a humorous effect:
“The new job has allowed her to spread her wings and really blossom.” [Cambridge Dictionary]

Metaphor Types3) sustained/ extended metaphor : “He began to be frightfully jealous of everything about Clara: of

Слайд 19Metaphor Types
5) conceptual metaphor,  or cognitive metaphor, refers to the understanding

of one idea, or conceptual domain, in terms of another

systematically both in language and in thought. 


***The regularity with which different languages employ the same metaphors, which often appear to be perceptually based, has led to the hypothesis that the mapping between conceptual domains corresponds to neural mappings in the brain.
Metaphor Types5) conceptual metaphor,  or cognitive metaphor, refers to the understanding of one idea, or conceptual domain, in

Слайд 20Conceptual Metaphor: Examples
LIFE IS A JOURNEY
Without direction in life/

a path of life/ “I couldn’t stop for Death”/ I

am where I want to be in life/ I’m at crossroads in my life
ARGUMENT IS WAR
He won that argument/ I attacked every weak point in his speech/ She completely destroyed me at the conference

Conceptual Metaphor: ExamplesLIFE IS A JOURNEY Without direction in life/ a path of life/ “I couldn’t stop

Слайд 21Metaphor
can be based on different types of similarity:
similarity of shape:

head (of a cabbage), bottleneck, teeth (of a saw, a

comb)
similarity of position: foot (of a page, of a mountain), head (of procession)
similarity of function, behaviour: a bookworm (a person who is fond of books), a whip (an official in the British Parliament whose duty is to see that members were present at the voting),
similarity of colour: orange, hazel, chestnut
Metaphorcan be based on different types of similarity:similarity of shape: head (of a cabbage), bottleneck, teeth (of

Слайд 22Tropes: Simile
 figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities

between two different things, producing a vivid image. Unlike a

metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of the words “like” or “as”:
“…it was so dark that Amory could just make out a patch of damp hair and two eyes that gleamed like a cat’s.” [F.S.Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise, p.215]
Tropes: Simile figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things, producing a vivid

Слайд 23Tropes: Personification
a trope in which human qualities or abilities are

assigned to abstractions or inanimate objects:
“The daffodils under the boat-house

continued their golden laughter, and nodded to one another in gossip, as I watched them, never for a moment pausing to notice me.”
[D.H.Lawrence, The White Peacock (1911)]

depersonification* - giving a human the qualities of an inanimate or non-living object; usually related to lowering the tone of the narrative 

Tropes: Personificationa trope in which human qualities or abilities are assigned to abstractions or inanimate objects:“The daffodils

Слайд 24Allusion
a reference to a famous historical, literary, mythological or biblical

character or event, commonly known:
“It’s his Achilles heel!” (myth of

vunerability)
Allusiona reference to a famous historical, literary, mythological or biblical character or event, commonly known:“It’s his Achilles

Слайд 25Tropes: Antonomasia
 a literary term in which a descriptive phrase replaces a

person’s name, or a proper name is used as a

common one:
“Oh, look! The “movie star” has finally arrived!”
“He’s such a good guy. I enjoy his company so much! I just hope he’s Mr. Right.”
“He is a real Don Juan!”
“Forget Mr.Right. Give Mr.Right-here a chance” – [Canadian series “Being Erica”]


Tropes: Antonomasia a literary term in which a descriptive phrase replaces a person’s name, or a proper name is

Слайд 26Thank you for your attention

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