neurons that innervate the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
of the bodyBy controlling these effectors, the ANS regulates such visceral functions as …
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Digestion
Urination
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The Autonomic Nervous System
Содержание
- 1. The Autonomic Nervous System
- 2. IntroductionThe Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is the
- 3. IntroductionThe ANS is the general visceral motor
- 4. IntroductionThe general visceral sensory system continuously monitors
- 5. Слайд 5
- 6. IntroductionThe stability of our internal environment depends
- 7. Comparison of ANS & PNSRecall that the
- 8. Comparison of ANS & PNS
- 9. Comparison of ANS & PNSIn the somatic
- 10. Comparison of ANS & PNSIn the autonomic
- 11. Comparison of ANS & PNSCompare the one
- 12. Efferent Pathways and GangliaAxons of most preganglionic
- 13. Efferent Pathways and GangliaAxons of postganglionic neurons
- 14. Efferent Pathways and GangliaPreganglionic axons are lightly
- 15. Efferent Pathways and GangliaRemember that autonomic ganglion
- 16. Neurotransmitter EffectsAll somatic motor neurons release acetylcholine
- 17. Neurotransmitter EffectsNeurotransmitters released onto visceral effector organs
- 18. Overlap of Somatic & AutonomicHigher brain centers
- 19. Divisions of ANSThere are two division of
- 20. Divisions of ANSThe sympathetic part mobilizes the
- 21. Divisions of ANSBoth the sympathetic and parasympathetic
- 22. Sympathetic DivisionThe sympathetic division is responsible for
- 23. Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic responses prepare our bodies to
- 24. Sympathetic DivisionThe sympathetic system also innervates blood
- 25. Sympathetic DivisionVasoconstriction results in the narrowing of
- 26. Role of Sympathetic DivisionDuring exercise the sympathetic
- 27. Role of Sympathetic DivisionIts activity is evident
- 28. Parasympathetic DivisionThe parasympathetic division is most effective
- 29. Autonomic HomeostasisAutonomic homeostasis is the dynamic counteraction
- 30. Divisions of ANSIn addition to the functional
- 31. Divisions of ANSThe two divisions issue from
- 32. Divisions of ANSThe parasympathetic division can also
- 33. Comparison of ANS & PNSA second difference
- 34. Comparison of ANS & PNSParasympathetic pathways in contrast have long pre-ganglionic fibers and short post-ganglionic fibers
- 35. Divisions of ANSTherefore, all sympathetic ganglia lie
- 36. Divisions of ANSThe third anatomical difference between
- 37. Divisions of ANSExtensive branching allows each sympathetic
- 38. Divisions of ANSThe main biochemical difference between
- 39. Divisions of ANSIn the sympathetic division, most
- 40. Divisions of ANSThe main anatomical and physiological
- 41. Anatomy of ANSThe sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- 42. Anatomy of ANSUnique origin sitesParasympathetic fibers emerge
- 43. Anatomy of ANSDifferent Lengths of their FibersParasympathetic
- 44. Anatomy of ANSLength of their GangliaMost parasympathetic
- 45. Parasympathetic DivisionThe parasympathetic emerge from opposite ends
- 46. Parasympathetic DivisionThe preganglionic neurons synapse with the
- 47. Parasympathetic DivisionSeveral cranial nerves contain outflow of
- 48. Cranial Outflow Oculomotor nerve IIIThe parasympathetic fibers
- 49. Слайд 49
- 50. Cranial OutflowFacial Nerves VIIThe parasympathetic fibers of
- 51. Слайд 51
- 52. Cranial OutflowGlossopharyngeal (IX)The parasympathetic nerves originate in the medulla and activate the parotid salivary gland
- 53. Cranial OutflowVagus nerves (X)The major portion of
- 54. Cranial OutflowThe vagus nerve fibers arise from
- 55. Cranial OutflowMost of the terminal ganglia are
- 56. Cranial OutflowWhen the vagus nerves reach the
- 57. Cranial OutflowThe vagal trunks ride the esophagus
- 58. Cranial OutflowAbdominal organs which receive vagal innervation
- 59. Sacral OutflowThe sacral outflow arises from neurons
- 60. Sacral OutflowFrom the ventral rami the neurons
- 61. Sympathetic DivisionThe sympathetic division innervates more organsIt
- 62. Sympathetic Division All preganglionic fibers in the
- 63. Sympathetic DivisionAfter leaving the cord via the
- 64. Sympathetic DivisionThe sympathetic trunks flank each side
- 65. Sympathetic Division Although the sympathetic trunks extend
- 66. Sympathetic DivisionThe ganglia vary in size, position,
- 67. Sympathetic DivisionOnce a preganglionic axon reaches a
- 68. Sympathetic DivisionOnce a preganglionic axon reaches a
- 69. Sympathetic DivisionOnce a preganglionic axon reaches a
- 70. Sympathetic DivisionOnce a preganglionic axon reaches a
- 71. Sympathetic DivisionPreganglionic fibers which emerge from the
- 72. Sympathetic DivisionThe prevertebral ganglia are located anterior to the vertebral column
- 73. Sympathetic DivisionUnlike the paravertebral ganglia the prevertebral
- 74. Sympathetic DivisionNote: Regardless of where the synapse
- 75. Visceral ReflexesThe visceral sensory neurons are the
- 76. Visceral ReflexesVisceral reflex arcs have essentially the same components as somatic reflex arcsReceptorSensory neuronIntegration centerMotor neuronEffector
- 77. Visceral ReflexesVisceral reflex arcs differ in that they have a two-neuron chain
- 78. Visceral ReflexesNearly all sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
- 79. Visceral ReflexesLike sensory neurons serving somatic structures
- 80. Visceral ReflexesVisceral sensory reflexes are also found
- 81. Visceral ReflexesThe fact that visceral pain travels
- 82. Visceral ReflexesA heart attach may produce a
- 83. Visceral ReflexesSince the same spinal segments (T1-T5)
- 84. Visceral ReflexesAdditional cutaneous areas to which visceral pain is referred
- 85. Overview of the ANSThe autonomic nervous system differs in…Its effectorsIts efferent pathwaysIts target organs
- 86. Effectors of ANSThe somatic nervous system stimulates
- 87. Скачать презентанцию
IntroductionThe Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is the system of motor neurons that innervate the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands of the bodyBy controlling these effectors, the ANS regulates such visceral
Слайды и текст этой презентации
Слайд 2Introduction
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is the system of motor
By controlling these effectors, the ANS regulates such visceral functions as …
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Digestion
Urination
Слайд 3Introduction
The ANS is the general visceral motor division of the
peripheral nervous system and is distinct from the general somatic
motor and brachial motor divisions which innervate skeletal muscles
Слайд 4Introduction
The general visceral sensory system continuously monitors the activities of
the visceral organs so that the autonomic motor neurons can
make adjustments as necessary to ensure optimal performance of the visceral organs
Слайд 6Introduction
The stability of our internal environment depends largely on the
autonomic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system(ANS) receives signals from visceral organs
The
ANS makes adjustments as necessary to ensure optical support for body systems
Слайд 7Comparison of ANS & PNS
Recall that the somatic motor system
innervates skeletal muscles
Each somatic motor neuron runs from the central
nervous system all the way to the muscle being innervated, and that each motor unit consists of a single neuron plus the skeletal muscle cells it innervatesTypical somatic motor axons are thick, heavily myelinated fibers that conduct nerve impulses rapidly
Слайд 9Comparison of ANS & PNS
In the somatic system
Cell bodies are
within the central nervous system
Axons extend to the muscles they
serveSomatic motor fibers are thick, heavily myelinated Type A fibers that conduct impulses very rapidly
Слайд 10Comparison of ANS & PNS
In the autonomic nervous system
The motor
unit is a two neuron chain
The cell body of the
first neuron, the preganglionic neuron, resides in the brain or spinal cordIts axon, the preganglionic axon, synapses with the second motor neuron, the post- ganglionic neuron, in an autonomic ganglion outside the central nervous system
The postganglionic axon then extends to the effector organ
Слайд 11Comparison of ANS & PNS
Compare the one motor neuron of
the somatic motor division with the two neuron chain of
the autonomic nervous system
Слайд 12Efferent Pathways and Ganglia
Axons of most preganglionic neurons run from
the CNS to synapse in a peripheral autonomic ganglion with
a postganglionic neuron
Слайд 13Efferent Pathways and Ganglia
Axons of postganglionic neurons run from the
ganglion to the effectors (cardiac and smooth muscle fibers and
glands)
Слайд 14Efferent Pathways and Ganglia
Preganglionic axons are lightly myelinated thin fibers
Postganglionic
axons are even thinner and are unmyelinated
Conduction though the autonomic
chain is slower than through the somatic motorMany pre and postganglionic fibers are incorporated into spinal or cranial nerves for most of their course
Слайд 15Efferent Pathways and Ganglia
Remember that autonomic ganglion are motor ganglia,
containing the cell bodies of motor neurons
They are sites of
synapse and information transmission from pre to postganglionic neuronsAlso note that the somatic motor division lacks ganglia entirely
Слайд 16Neurotransmitter Effects
All somatic motor neurons release acetylcholine at their synapses
with their effectors, skeletal muscle fibers
The effect is always excitatory,
and if stimulation reaches threshold, the skeletal muscle fibers contacts
Слайд 17Neurotransmitter Effects
Neurotransmitters released onto visceral effector organs by postganglionic autonomic
fibers include
Norepinephrine secreted by most sympathetic fibers
Acetylcholine released by parasympathetic
fibersDepending on the receptors present on the target organ, its response to these neuro- transmitters may be either excitation or inhibition
Слайд 18Overlap of Somatic & Autonomic
Higher brain centers regulate and coordinate
both somatic and visceral motor activities
Nearby spinal nerves and many
cranial nerves contain both somatic and autonomic fibersMost of the body’s adaptations to changing internal and external conditions involve both skeletal activity and enhanced response of visceral organs
Слайд 19Divisions of ANS
There are two division of the ANS
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Generally the
two divisions have chains of two motor neurons that innervate
same visceral organs but cause essentially opposite effectsIf one division stimulates certain smooth muscle to contract or a gland to secrete, the other division inhibits that action
Through this process of duel innervation the two systems counterbalance each other
Слайд 20Divisions of ANS
The sympathetic part mobilizes the body during extreme
situations (such as fear, exercise or rage)
The parasympathetic division allows
us to unwind as it performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy
Слайд 21Divisions of ANS
Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions issue from
the brain and spinal cord
Two neuron pathways are shown for
both divisionsSolid lines indicate pre-ganglionic axons while broken lines indicate post-ganglionic axons
Слайд 22Sympathetic Division
The sympathetic division is responsible for the “fight, flight,
or fright” response
Its activity is evident during vigorous exercise, excitement,
or emergenciesPhysiological changes like a pounding heart, fast and deep breathing, dilated eye pupils, and cold, sweaty skin are signs of the mobilization of the sympathetic division, which help us survive danger
Слайд 23Sympathetic Division
Sympathetic responses prepare our bodies to cope with physiological
stressors
While sympathetic response may increases the capacities of some systems
they may in fact inhibit “non-essential” functions such as digestion and urinary tract motility
Слайд 24Sympathetic Division
The sympathetic system also innervates blood vessels, sending signals
to the smooth muscles in their walls
Even though sympathetic input
causes the smooth muscle in some vessels (in skeletal muscle) to relax so that the vessel dilates, the bulk of sympathetic input signals smooth muscle in blood vessels to contract, producing vasoconstriction
Слайд 25Sympathetic Division
Vasoconstriction results in the narrowing of vessel diameter which
forces the heart to work harder to pump blood around
the vascular circuitAs a result sympathetic activity results in blood pressure to rise during excitement and stress
Слайд 26Role of Sympathetic Division
During exercise the sympathetic division also promotes
physiological adjustments
Visceral blood supply is diminished
Blood is shunted to working
musculatureBronchioles of the lungs dilate to increase ventilation
Liver releases more sugar into blood stream to support metabolism
Слайд 27Role of Sympathetic Division
Its activity is evident when we are
excited or find ourselves in emergency or threatening situations (frightened)
Pounding
heart; rapid, deep breathing; cold, sweaty skin; and dilated eyes are signsAlso changes in brain wave patterns
Its function is to provide the optimal conditions for an appropriate response to some threat (run / see / think)
Слайд 28Parasympathetic Division
The parasympathetic division is most effective in non-stressful situations
This
division is chiefly concerned with keeping body energy use as
low as possible, even as it directs body processes such as digestion and eliminationResting and digesting division
Слайд 29Autonomic Homeostasis
Autonomic homeostasis is the dynamic counteraction between the two
divisions such that they balance each other during times when
we are neither highly excited nor completed at rest
Слайд 30Divisions of ANS
In addition to the functional differences between the
parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions , there are also anatomical and
biochemical differences
Слайд 31Divisions of ANS
The two divisions issue from different regions of
the CNS
The sympathetic can also be called the thoracolumbar division
because its fibers emerge from the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord
Слайд 32Divisions of ANS
The parasympathetic division can also be termed the
craniospinal division because its fibers emerge from the brain and
spinal cord (sacral)
Слайд 33Comparison of ANS & PNS
A second difference between the two
divisions is that sympathetic pathways have short pre-ganglionic fibers and
long post-ganglionic fibers
Слайд 34Comparison of ANS & PNS
Parasympathetic pathways in contrast have long
pre-ganglionic fibers and short post-ganglionic fibers
Слайд 35Divisions of ANS
Therefore, all sympathetic ganglia lie near the spinal
cord and vertebral column, and all parasympathetic ganglia lie far
from the CNS, in or near the organs innervated
Слайд 36Divisions of ANS
The third anatomical difference between the two divisions
is that sympathetic axons branch profusely, while parasympathetic fibers do
not
Слайд 37Divisions of ANS
Extensive branching allows each sympathetic neuron to influence
a number of different visceral organs, enabling many organs to
mobilize simultaneously during the “fight, flight or fright” responseParasympathetic effects, by contrast are more localized and discrete
Слайд 38Divisions of ANS
The main biochemical difference between the two divisions
involves the neurotransmitter release by the postganglionic axons
Слайд 39Divisions of ANS
In the sympathetic division, most postganglionic axons release
norepinephine (also called noradrenaline) these fibers are termed adrenergic
The postganglionic
neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic division is acetycholine (Ach) these fibers are termed cholinergicThe preganglionic axon terminals of both divisions always release acetylcholine
Слайд 40Divisions of ANS
The main anatomical and physiological differences between the
parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are summarized in Table 15.1
Слайд 41Anatomy of ANS
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are distinguished by
Unique
sites of origin
Different lengths of their fibers
Location of their ganglia
Слайд 42Anatomy of ANS
Unique origin sites
Parasympathetic fibers emerge from the brain
and from the spinal cord at the sacral level
Sympathetic fibers
originate from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
Слайд 43Anatomy of ANS
Different Lengths of their Fibers
Parasympathetic division has long
preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers
Sympathetic is the opposite with short
preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers 
Слайд 44Anatomy of ANS
Length of their Ganglia
Most parasympathetic ganglia are located
in the visceral effector organs
Sympathetic ganglia lie close to the
spinal cord 
Слайд 45Parasympathetic Division
The parasympathetic emerge from opposite ends of the central
nervous system
The preganglionic axons extend from the CNS nearly all
the way to the structures to be innervated
Слайд 46Parasympathetic Division
The preganglionic neurons synapse with the ganglionic neurons located
in terminal ganglia
Very short post ganglionic axons issue from the
terminal ganglia and synapse with effector cells in their immediate area
Слайд 47Parasympathetic Division
Several cranial nerves contain outflow of the parasympathetic
Preganglionic fibers
run in the oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerve
Слайд 48Cranial Outflow
Oculomotor nerve III
The parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor
nerves innervate smooth muscles of the eye
Constrictor muscles of iris
cause pupil to constrictCiliary muscle within the orbits of the eye controls lense shape for visual focusing
Allow the eye to focus on close objects in the visual field
Слайд 50Cranial Outflow
Facial Nerves VII
The parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerves
stimulate the secretory activity of many large glands of the
headThe pathway activates the nasal glands and the lacrimal glands of the eyes
The preganglionic fibers then run to synapse with ganglionic neurons in the pterygopalatine ganglia stimulating the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
Слайд 52Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
The parasympathetic nerves originate in the medulla and
activate the parotid salivary gland
Слайд 53Cranial Outflow
Vagus nerves (X)
The major portion of the parasympathetic cranial
outflow is via the vagus nerves
The two vagus nerves account
for an estimated 90% of all preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the bodyThey provide fibers to the neck and contribute to nerve plexuses that serve virtually every organ in the thoracic and abdominal cavity
Слайд 54Cranial Outflow
The vagus nerve fibers arise from the dorsal motor
of the medulla and terminate by synapsing in terminal ganglia
that are usually located in the walls of the target organ
Слайд 55Cranial Outflow
Most of the terminal ganglia are not individually named;
instead they are collectively called intramural ganglia, literally ganglia “within
the walls”As the vagus nerves passes into the thorax, they send branches to autonomic plexuses
Cardiac plexuses
Pulmonary plexuses
Esophageal plexuses
Слайд 56Cranial Outflow
When the vagus nerves reach the esophagus, their fibers
intermingle to form the anterior and posterior vagal trunks
Each trunk
carries fibers from both vargus nerves
Слайд 57Cranial Outflow
The vagal trunks ride the esophagus down to enter
the abdominal cavity
They send fibers to form the aortic plexuses
(formed by the celiac, superior mesenteric and hypogastric)
Слайд 58Cranial Outflow
Abdominal organs which receive vagal innervation include the liver,
gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, kidneys, pancreas, and the proximal half
of the large intestineThe rest of the cavity are innervated by the sacral outflow
Слайд 59Sacral Outflow
The sacral outflow arises from neurons located in the
lateral horn of the spinal cord at S2 - S4
The
axons of these neurons run in the ventral roots of the spinal nerves to the ventral rami 
Слайд 60Sacral Outflow
From the ventral rami the neurons branch to form
the pelvic splanchnic nerves
Most neurons synapse in the intramural ganglia
located in the walls of the distal large intestine, urinary bladder and reproductive organs
Слайд 61Sympathetic Division
The sympathetic division innervates more organs
It supplies not only
the visceral organs in the internal body cavities, but also
the visceral structures in the superficial part of the bodySweat glands
Arrector pili
Arteries and veins
Слайд 62Sympathetic Division
All preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division arise
from cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located in spinal cord
segments from T1 through L2It is also called the thoracolumbar
Слайд 63Sympathetic Division
After leaving the cord via the ventral root, the
preganglionic sympathetic fibers pass through a white ramus communicans to
enter the adjoining chain (paravertebral) ganglion forming part of the sympathetic trunk or chain
Слайд 64Sympathetic Division
The sympathetic trunks flank each side of the vertebral
column and appear as strands of white beads
Слайд 65Sympathetic Division
Although the sympathetic trunks extend from the neck
to the pelvis, sympathetic fibers arise only from the thoracic
and lumbar spinal cord segments
Слайд 66Sympathetic Division
The ganglia vary in size, position, and number, but
there are typically 23 ganglia in each sympathetic chain…
3 cervical
11
thoracic4 lumbar
4 sacral
1 coccygeal
Слайд 67Sympathetic Division
Once a preganglionic axon reaches a paravertebral ganglion one
of three things can happen to it
Слайд 68Sympathetic Division
Once a preganglionic axon reaches a paravertebral ganglion one
of three things can happen to it…
1. It can synapse
with a ganglionic neuron within the same chain ganglion
Слайд 69Sympathetic Division
Once a preganglionic axon reaches a paravertebral ganglion one
of three things can happen to it…
2. It can ascend or
descend the sympathetic chain to synapse in another chain ganglion
Слайд 70Sympathetic Division
Once a preganglionic axon reaches a paravertebral ganglion one
of three things can happen to it…
3. It can pass through
the chain ganglion and emerge from the sympathetic chain without synapsing 
Слайд 71Sympathetic Division
Preganglionic fibers which emerge from the sympathetic chain without
synapsing help to form the splanchnic nerves which synapse with
prevertebral or collateral ganglia
Слайд 73Sympathetic Division
Unlike the paravertebral ganglia the prevertebral ganglia . .
.
Are neither paired nor segmentally arranged
They occur only in the
abdomen and pelvis 
Слайд 74Sympathetic Division
Note:
Regardless of where the synapse occurs, all sympathetic
ganglia lie close to the spinal cord
The postganglionic fibers which
run from the ganglion to the organs are typically much longer than the preganglionic fibers 
Слайд 75Visceral Reflexes
The visceral sensory neurons are the first link in
the autonomic reflexes
These neurons send information concerning chemical changes, stretch,
and irritation of the viscera
Слайд 76Visceral Reflexes
Visceral reflex arcs have essentially the same components as
somatic reflex arcs
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Integration center
Motor neuron
Effector
Слайд 78Visceral Reflexes
Nearly all sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are accompanied by
afferent fibers conducting sensory impulses from glands or muscular structures
Thus,
peripheral processes of visceral sensory neurons are found in cranial nerves, VII, IX, and X, the splanchnic nerves, and the sympathetic trunk, as well as the spinal nerves
Слайд 79Visceral Reflexes
Like sensory neurons serving somatic structures (skeletal muscles and
skin)
The cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons are located in
the sensory ganglia of associated cranial nerves or in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
Слайд 80Visceral Reflexes
Visceral sensory reflexes are also found within sympathetic ganglia
where synapses with preganglionic neurons occur
Complete three-neuron reflex arcs
(sensory, motor, and intrinsic neurons) exist within the walls of the gastro-intestinal tractEnteric nervous system
Controls gastrointestinal activity
Слайд 81Visceral Reflexes
The fact that visceral pain travels along the same
pathways as somatic pain fibers helps to explain the phenomenon
of referred pain in which pain stimuli arising in the viscera is perceived as somatic in origin
Слайд 82Visceral Reflexes
A heart attach may produce a sensation of pain
that radiates to the superior thoracic wall and along the
medial aspect of the left arm
Слайд 83Visceral Reflexes
Since the same spinal segments (T1-T5) innervate both the
heart and the regions to which pain signals from heart
tissue are referred, the brain interprets most such inputs as coming from the somatic pathway
Слайд 85Overview of the ANS
The autonomic nervous system differs in…
Its effectors
Its
efferent pathways
Its target organs
Слайд 86Effectors of ANS
The somatic nervous system stimulates skeletal muscles
The ANS
innervates cardiac and smooth muscles and glands
