2001. Introducing Translation Studies – Theories and Applications. London and
New York: RoutledgeVENUTI, Lawrence. (Ed.) 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York: Routledge.
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Translation Theory
Содержание
- 1. Translation Theory
- 2. AcknowledgementsThis lecture is based to a large
- 3. A few general distinctionsTranslating vs. interpreting Source
- 4. Слайд 4
- 5. Слайд 5
- 6. Слайд 6
- 7. “Translation Studies” – self-perceptionTranslation studies is the
- 8. Translation Theory – TT – perspective from
- 9. TT – perspective from Philosophy of LinguisticsStructuralism
- 10. TT – perspective from LinguisticsLinguists perceive it
- 11. TT – perspective from Information TechnologyIT specialists
- 12. TT - the professional perspectiveTranslator trainingInterpreter trainingTranslation aidsTranslation criticismTranslation qualityTranslation policyProfessional translation standards
- 13. Translation theories Most TT is: Product-orientated –
- 14. Partial theories of translation Medium restricted –
- 15. Problems Position of Translation Studies in academia
- 16. Early distinctionsPeople have been arguing for centuries
- 17. Bible translationBassnett (1991: 45-50) - "The history
- 18. The Qur’anSee University of Southern California: http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/
- 19. Science in Translation: a historical viewScott L.
- 20. ‘Linguistic’ theories of translationLanguage Universals vs. Linguistic
- 21. Language Universals v. Linguistic Relativism Language Universals
- 22. Science of translationNida (1964)Linguistic meaning Referential or
- 23. Chomsky and TT From Nida & Taber (1969:33)
- 24. From Nida (1964: 185-7)
- 25. From Munday (2001: 50)
- 26. EquivalenceRoman Jacobson (1959/2000) > “Equivalence in difference
- 27. Equivalence at word level Baker (1992) –
- 28. Equivalence above word level Baker (1992) –
- 29. Grammatical equivalence Baker (1992) – Chapter 4Grammatical
- 30. Newmark (1981) Semantic / communicative translation at
- 31. Koller (1976/89) Korrespondenz and ÄquivalenzDenotative equivalenceConnotative equivalenceText-normative equivalencePragmatic equivalenceFormal equivalence
- 32. Vinay & Darbelnet (1977/2000) Translation ‘shifts’Direct translation:BorrowingCalqueLiteral
- 33. Translation ‘shifts’Catford (1965/2000)level shiftscategory shifts:structuralclass unit or rank intra-system Van Leuven-Zwart (1989/90)8 categories and 37 sub-categories!
- 34. Linguistic theories and translationMost of these theories
- 35. Halliday Functional-Systemic linguistics
- 36. Textual equivalence Baker (1992) Chapter 5Thematic and
- 37. Textual equivalence Baker (1992) Chapter 6CohesionReferenceSubstitution and EllipsisConjunctionLexical Cohesion
- 38. Translation Quality Assessment - House (1997)
- 39. Focus on the function of the textBaker
- 40. Pragmatic equivalence Baker (1992) Chapter 7 CoherencePresuppositionImplicature Grice's maxims of QuantityQualityRelevanceMannerPoliteness
- 41. Reiss (1970s) Functional approach Classification of texts as:'informative‘'expressive‘'operative‘ 'audiomedial'
- 42. Reiss (1971) : Text types
- 43. Reiss > Chesterman (1989) Text types and varieties
- 44. Holz-Mäntarri (1984) Translational action A communicative process
- 45. Reiss & Vermeer (1984) – ‘Skopos’ theoryFocuses
- 46. Nord (1988/91) Text Analysis Functional approachThe
- 47. Polysystem Theory Focus - social and cultural
- 48. Even-Zohar (1978/2000)Even-Zohar considers translated literature to include:
- 49. Toury (1995) Descriptive Translation Studies Important point
- 50. Toury’s normsinitial norm ST norms = adequate
- 51. Toury’s ‘laws’The law of growing standardization -
- 52. Chesterman’s norms (1997)Expectancy norms – expectations of
- 53. Polysystem theory and the NON Literary textEven-Zohar,
- 54. Cultural StudiesBassnett & Lefevere (1991) dismissed ‘linguistic
- 55. Lefevere (1992) Power and patronage Professionals within
- 56. ExamplesEdward Fitzgerald's 'improvement' of work by Omar
- 57. Simon (1996) Translation and Gender ‘Masculine language
- 58. Postcolonial Translation TheorySpivak (1993/2000) and Niranjana (1992)Cultural
- 59. ExampleSpivak (2000) translates out of Bengali into
- 60. Other SituationsBrazilian cannibalism (1960-1999)Colonized devours colonizer and
- 61. Cultural Studies ETCThe suggestion - surf the Internet with:cultural studiescommunication studiescomparative literatureliterary studiestranslation studies
- 62. Cultural Studies and the NON Literary
- 63. Reaction against TL orientated textsWhat can
- 64. Antoine Berman (1984) ‘the Experience of the
- 65. Antoine Berman (1984) ‘the Experience of the
- 66. Venuti (1995) The Translator’s InvisibilityCriticizes those, like
- 67. QUESTIONSCan the Translator be ‘Invisible’?Should the Translator
- 68. Pride, Prejudice ......and PowerConsider:How literary translators’ describe
- 69. Philosophy and translationPhilosophers often find translation fascinating
- 70. Walter Benjamin (1923/2000)Benjamin's metaphor - liberation of
- 71. Ezra Pound (1929/2000) – and his followersEzra
- 72. Steiner (1975/92/98) Beyond BabelHermeneutic motion Initiative trust
- 73. Derrida & Deconstruction (1960 >)Objective of
- 74. Philosophy and the NON Literary textAt
- 75. Interdisciplinary Translation StudiesIn practice - Literary
- 76. Слайд 76
- 77. Technology and TranslationDesktop PublishingTranslation memoriesTerminology databasesTranslator’s WorkbenchMachine translationInformation resources
- 78. Other aspectsBert Esselink –LocalizatonYves Gambier –MultMedia Translation,
- 79. Anthony Pym Perhaps one of the
- 80. Скачать презентанцию
AcknowledgementsThis lecture is based to a large extent on:MUNDAY, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies – Theories and Applications. London and New York: RoutledgeVENUTI, Lawrence. (Ed.) 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London
Слайды и текст этой презентации
Слайд 2Acknowledgements
This lecture is based to a large extent on:
MUNDAY, Jeremy.
VENUTI, Lawrence. (Ed.) 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York: Routledge.
Слайд 3A few general distinctions
Translating vs. interpreting
Source language/text – SL
/ ST
Target language/text - TL / TT
Intralingual v. interlingual v.
intersemiotic translation Translation as language learning
Contrastive linguistics
Comparative literature
Слайд 7“Translation Studies” – self-perception
Translation studies is the new academic discipline
related to the study of the theory and phenomena of
translation. By its nature it is multilingual and also interdisciplinary, encompassing languages, linguistics, communication studies, philosophy and a range of types of cultural studies.Many people today think that Translation Studies is mainly:
Literary theory
Cultural studies
And, possibly:
Communication studies
Stylistics & Genre analysis
Слайд 8Translation Theory – TT – perspective from Philosophy
Linguistic philosophy -
attempts to discover WHAT language means:
the ideal language(s) of
logic etc.'ordinary language' philosophy
Philosophy of language – attempts to find out HOW language means:
certain general features of language such as meaning, reference, truth, verification, speech acts and logical necessity
Philosophy of linguistics - the study of language through linguistics
Слайд 9TT – perspective from Philosophy of Linguistics
Structuralism - language reflects
structure of thought, culture and society
Transformational-Generative grammar - underlying universal
languageFunctionalism - Language and its social functions
Cognitivism - Language as it reflects our cognitive appraisal of the world, categorization of experience and use of metaphor
Слайд 10TT – perspective from Linguistics
Linguists perceive it as related to:
Contrastive
linguistics
Pragmatics
Discourse Analysis
Stylistics
Once dismissed as useless to TT– all of
these areas have been re-animated by corpora linguistics
Слайд 11TT – perspective from Information Technology
IT specialists are increasingly fascinated
by human language and:
Machine assisted translation
Machine Translation
Knowledge Engineering
Information Retrieval
Artificial Intelligence
Слайд 12TT - the professional perspective
Translator training
Interpreter training
Translation aids
Translation criticism
Translation quality
Translation
policy
Professional translation standards
Слайд 13Translation theories
Most TT is:
Product-orientated – focuses the translation
Function-orientated
– examines the context and purpose of the translation
Process-orientated –
analyses the psychology of translation and processBut usually has elements of all three
Слайд 14Partial theories of translation
Medium restricted – man or machine?
Area
restricted – specific languages/cultures
Rank-restricted – word/sentence/text
Text-type restricted –different genres
Time-restricted –
historical viewProblem-restricted – specific problems, e.g equivalence
Слайд 15Problems
Position of Translation Studies in academia
Split between theory
and practice
Translation teachers' fear of theory
Researchers still encouraged
to focus on literatureTherefore teacher/researcher faced with dilemma
Слайд 16Early distinctions
People have been arguing for centuries about
literal v.
free v. faithful translation
word-for-word v. sense-for-sense
For example:
Cicero,
St Jerome, St Augustine, Martin Luther, Étienne Dolet, Alexander Tytler, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schleiermacher, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Arthur Schopenhauer See Robinson (1997/2002)
Слайд 17Bible translation
Bassnett (1991: 45-50) - "The history of Bible translation
is accordingly a history of western culture in microcosm".
St.
Jerome's translation into Latin in 384 A.D.John Wycliffe (1330-84)and the 'Lollards'
William Tyndale (1494-1536) – burnt at stake
Martin Luther – New Testament 1522, Old Testament 1534
Try Biblegateway: http://www.biblegateway.com/cgi-bin/bible
Слайд 18The Qur’an
See University of Southern California: http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/
Warning: "Note that
any translation of the Qur'an immediately ceases to be the
literal word of Allah, and hence cannot be equated with the Qur'an in its original Arabic form. In fact, each of the translations on this site is actually an interpretation which has been translated."
Слайд 19Science in Translation: a historical view
Scott L. Montgomery. 2000. Science
in Translation. Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time. University
of Chicago Press.Describes how scientific texts have been translated, ‘adapted’, ‘revised’ and added to down the centuries e.g.
Western Astronomy
Greek and Arabic Science
Japanese Science
Слайд 20‘Linguistic’ theories of translation
Language Universals vs. Linguistic Relativism
Science of
translation
Equivalence
Semantic and communicative translation
Korrespondenz and Äquivalenz
Translation ‘shifts’
Discourse and register analysis
Слайд 21Language Universals v. Linguistic Relativism
Language Universals – presuppose that
languages and/or our capacity for language are universal and/or innate
long history leading to Chomsky and beyond
Language Relativism – different languages show us different ways of viewing the world
Sapir-Whorf theory and most translation theory
Слайд 22Science of translation
Nida (1964)
Linguistic meaning
Referential or denotative meaning
Emotive
or connotative meaning
Hierarchical structuring
Componential analysis
Semantic structure analysis
Formal and dynamic
equivalenceApplications to Bible translation
Слайд 26Equivalence
Roman Jacobson (1959/2000) > “Equivalence in difference is the cardinal
problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics’
Discusses equivalence
at level of obligatory grammar and lexicon, for example:gender
aspect
semantic fields
Слайд 27Equivalence at word level
Baker (1992) – Chapter 2
Morphology –
lexical and syntactic
Lexical Meaning
Propositional v. Expressive meaning
Presupposed meaning
Evoked meaning
dialect
– geographical, temporal, socialRegister – field/tenor/mode of discourse
Semantic fields and lexical sets
Слайд 28Equivalence above word level
Baker (1992) – Chapter 3
Collocation
Collocational range and
markedness
Collocation and register
Collocational meaning
Idioms and Fixed Expressions
Слайд 29Grammatical equivalence
Baker (1992) – Chapter 4
Grammatical vs. Lexical categories
The Diversity
of Grammatical Categories:
Number
Gender
Person
Tense and Aspect
Voice
Word Order
Слайд 30Newmark (1981)
Semantic / communicative translation at level of:
Transmitter/addressee focus
Culture
Time
and origin
Relation to ST
Use of form of SL
Form of TL
Appropriateness
Criterion
for evaluation
Слайд 31Koller (1976/89)
Korrespondenz and Äquivalenz
Denotative equivalence
Connotative equivalence
Text-normative equivalence
Pragmatic equivalence
Formal equivalence
Слайд 32Vinay & Darbelnet (1977/2000)
Translation ‘shifts’
Direct translation:
Borrowing
Calque
Literal translation
Oblique translation
Transposition
Modulation
Equivalence
Adaptation
Function at the
level of the lexicon, syntax and message
Слайд 33Translation ‘shifts’
Catford (1965/2000)
level shifts
category shifts:
structural
class
unit or rank
intra-system
Van Leuven-Zwart (1989/90)
8 categories
and 37 sub-categories!
Слайд 34Linguistic theories and translation
Most of these theories are considered ‘linguistic’
and are useful for teaching translation
Most translation occurs at
the linguistic level at some stage of the processHowever, too much stress on linguistic levels can have negative effect at the text level
Слайд 36Textual equivalence
Baker (1992) Chapter 5
Thematic and Information Structures
Theme and Rheme
Sentence
analysis – S Od Oi Cs Co Cp Adj Conj
DisjInformation Structure: Given and New
Word Order and Communicative Function
Слайд 37Textual equivalence
Baker (1992) Chapter 6
Cohesion
Reference
Substitution and Ellipsis
Conjunction
Lexical Cohesion
Слайд 39Focus on the function of the text
Baker (1992) Chapter 7
- Pragmatic equivalence
Reiss (1970s) – Functional approach
Holz-Mäntarri (1984) – Translational
actionVermeer (1970s) and Reiss & Vermeer (1984) – ‘Skopos’ theory
Nord (1988/91) – Text Analysis in Translation
Слайд 40Pragmatic equivalence
Baker (1992) Chapter 7
Coherence
Presupposition
Implicature
Grice's maxims of
Quantity
Quality
Relevance
Manner
Politeness
Слайд 41Reiss (1970s)
Functional approach
Classification of texts as:
'informative‘
'expressive‘
'operative‘
'audiomedial'
Слайд 44Holz-Mäntarri (1984) Translational action
A communicative process involving:
The initiator
The commissioner
The ST
producer
The TT producer
The TT user
The TT receiver
Слайд 45Reiss & Vermeer (1984) – ‘Skopos’ theory
Focuses purpose or skopos
of translation
Rules
A TT is determined by its skopos
A TT is
message in a target culture/TL concerning a message in a source culture/SLA TT is not clearly reversible
A TT must be internally coherent
A TT must be coherent with the ST
Слайд 46Nord (1988/91)
Text Analysis
Functional approach
The importance of the translation
commission
The role of ST analysis
The functional hierarchy of translation problems
Слайд 47Polysystem Theory
Focus - social and cultural norms
Even-Zohar (1978/2000)
Toury (1995)
Chesterman (1997)
Lambert,
Van Gorp, Hermans and the Manipulation school (1985 & 1999)
Слайд 48Even-Zohar (1978/2000)
Even-Zohar considers translated literature to include:
children's literature
thrillers
other
popular works of fiction,
(auto-)biography
CONSIDER: informative writing of
all kinds – e.g. travel, art and sport, journalism, university textbooks. 
Слайд 49Toury (1995) Descriptive Translation Studies
Important point in Translation Studies
It encouraged the description of all kinds of translation and
provided a wide basis on which to conduct research. The tertium comparationis = attempt to postulate 'neutral translation' v. culturally and socially 'loaded' real translations
BUT proved unsatisfactory and abandoned
Слайд 50Toury’s norms
initial norm
ST norms = adequate translation
TT norms =
acceptable translation
preliminary norms
translation policy – selection of texts
directness of
translation – is ST an original?operational norms
matricial norms or completeness of the TT
textual-linguistic norms.
Слайд 51Toury’s ‘laws’
The law of growing standardization - suggests that the
TT standards override those of the original text. This will
happen when the TL culture is more powerful.The law of interference - suggests that the ST interferes in the TT by default. This will happen when the SL culture is more powerful.
Слайд 52Chesterman’s norms (1997)
Expectancy norms – expectations of readers
Allow evaluative judgements
Validated by a norm-authority
Professional norms
Accountability norm – ethical norm
Communication norm
– social norm‘Relation’ norm – linguistic norm (between SL and TL)
Слайд 53Polysystem theory and the
NON Literary text
Even-Zohar, Toury, Chesteman, and others
see ST and TT as part of a much wider
social and cultural contextAlthough they may consider literary text primary, their theories and suggestions are applicable to all texts
Слайд 54Cultural Studies
Bassnett & Lefevere (1991) dismissed ‘linguistic theories’ as having
‘moved from word to text as a unit, but not
beyond’ and talked of ‘painstaking comparisons between orginals and translations’ which do not consider the text in its cultural environment. (Munday, 2001: 127)
Слайд 55Lefevere (1992)
Power and patronage
Professionals within the literary system
Patronage outside the
literary system
The ideological component
The economic component
The status component
The dominant poetics
Literary
devicesThe concept of the role of literature
Слайд 56Examples
Edward Fitzgerald's 'improvement' of work by Omar Khayyam
An 18th century
translator's ‘improvement’ of Camões' Os Lusiadas
Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland
- 'softened' for childrenCensorship of ‘bad’ language
Can you think of examples?
Слайд 57Simon (1996)
Translation and Gender
‘Masculine language of translation theorists
Overt attempts to
promote a feminist stance through translation practice
Contribution women have made
by translating works of literature over the centuriesRelationship of women and culture as seen through translation
the translator is 'self-effacing'
creates a 'new' work with a feminine point of view
Link between feminist and postcolonial studies
Слайд 58Postcolonial Translation Theory
Spivak (1993/2000) and Niranjana (1992)
Cultural implications - translating
between:
Colonized and colonizing
Politically powerful and weaker languages and cultures
Power relations
Translational and transnational factors
Слайд 59Example
Spivak (2000) translates out of Bengali into English
Try to
imagine how an educated bi-lingual (English/Bengali) woman with international feminist
connections might try to translate poetry by Mahasweta Devi – a poet in an Indian village.http://www.emory.edu/ENGLISH/Bahri/Contents.html#Authors
Слайд 60Other Situations
Brazilian cannibalism (1960-1999)
Colonized devours colonizer and is enriched
Cronin (1996)
The
Irish language and English imperialism over the centuries
Слайд 61Cultural Studies ETC
The suggestion - surf the Internet with:
cultural studies
communication
studies
comparative literature
literary studies
translation studies
Слайд 62Cultural Studies and
the NON Literary text
Cultural Studies theorists:
Rarely refer
to NON Literary text
Then tend to claim any ‘interesting’
text as ‘literary’!YET Cultural Studies should – by its very nature – go beyond literature – or at least Literature.
Слайд 63Reaction against
TL orientated texts
What can be done to avoid
too much standardization?
How can one avoid social or cultural bias?
How
can one truly represent the original?
Слайд 64Antoine Berman (1984)
‘the Experience of the Foreign’
Berman’s ‘negative analytic’ of
translation focuses the following:
Rationalization
Clarification
Expansion
Ennoblement
Qualitative impoverishment
Quantitative impoverishment
Слайд 65Antoine Berman (1984)
‘the Experience of the Foreign’
The destruction of rhythms
The
destruction of underlying networks of signification
The destruction of linguistic patternings
The
destruction of vernacular networks or their exoticizationThe destruction of expressions and idioms
The effacement of the superimposition of languages
Слайд 66Venuti (1995)
The Translator’s Invisibility
Criticizes those, like Toury, who aim to
produce value-free norms and laws of translation.
Interpretes Lefevere's notions
of patronage and its influence in the context of Anglo-American publishingUses 'Invisibility' to describe the translator's situation and activity in contemporary Anglo-American culture
Слайд 67QUESTIONS
Can the Translator be ‘Invisible’?
Should the Translator be ‘Invisible’?
If, so
– when? Give examples
Can the Translator be ‘invisible’ and creative?
If,
so – when? Give examples
Слайд 68Pride, Prejudice ......and Power
Consider:
How literary translators’ describe their work –
Pride
How reviewers and the public receive translations - Prejudice
The publishing
industry and the effect of globalization – Power
Слайд 69Philosophy and translation
Philosophers often find translation fascinating - a few
examples:
Walter Benjamin (1923/2000)
Ezra Pound (1929/2000)
Steiner (1975/92/98)
Derrida & Deconstruction (1960 >)
Слайд 70Walter Benjamin (1923/2000)
Benjamin's metaphor - liberation of the original text
through translation.
Believed in interlinear translation > reveals the original
in all its complexityTL is 'powerfully affected by the foreign tongue‘
An extreme example of foreignization
Believed this would allow 'pure language' to emerge from the harmonization of the two languages.
Слайд 71Ezra Pound (1929/2000) – and his followers
Ezra Pound influenced much
literary translation
Idea that one does not need to know the
SL well – it is enough to feel the ‘spirit’Belief in archaizing and foreignizing to effect
Led to ‘literary translation workshops’ - inspiration
Leads to very good translation – OR pretentious and impenetrable texts!
Слайд 72Steiner (1975/92/98)
Beyond Babel
Hermeneutic motion
Initiative trust
Aggression
Incorporation
Compensation
Imbalance between ST
and TT
Resistant difference of the text
Elective affinity of the
translator
Слайд 73Derrida & Deconstruction
(1960 >)
Objective of Derrida - and Deconstruction
- to demonstrate the instability of language in general and
the relationship between signified and signifier in particular.'Deconstruction' can and has been used to 'deconstruct' much more than 'traditional literature‘ . E.g.
Political discourse
Philosophy
Psychology & Sociology
Science
Слайд 74Philosophy
and the NON Literary text
At first sight, these theories
would seem to be furthest from the NON Literary text
BUT
– consider implications for:Knowledge engineering
Ontologies
Semantic frameworks
Descriptive terminology
Слайд 75Interdisciplinary
Translation Studies
In practice - Literary translation is confined to
Modern Languages departments
NON Literary translation is essentially interdisciplinary in:
Use of
languageUse of text
Use of technology
Snell Hornby (1995) - Text types
Слайд 77Technology and Translation
Desktop Publishing
Translation memories
Terminology databases
Translator’s Workbench
Machine translation
Information resources
Слайд 78Other aspects
Bert Esselink –Localizaton
Yves Gambier –MultMedia Translation, Conference Interpreting, Translation
in Context
Daniel Gouadec –Terminology and Translator Training
Don Kiraly- A Social
Constructivist Approach to Translator Education – Empowerment from Theory to Practice. 
Слайд 79Anthony Pym
Perhaps one of the best examples of multi-disciplinary
work and interests
Have a look at his homepage
http://www.fut.es/~apym/
