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Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches

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What is Psychology?

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Слайд 1Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches

Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches

Слайд 2What is Psychology?

What is Psychology?

Слайд 3Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology
Ancient Greeks
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle

Psychology’s Roots Prescientific PsychologyAncient GreeksSocratesPlatoAristotle

Слайд 4Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology
Rene Descartes
Francis Bacon
John Locke
Tabula Rasa

(blank slate)
Empiricism
Psychology’s Roots Prescientific PsychologyRene DescartesFrancis BaconJohn LockeTabula Rasa

Слайд 5Psychology’s Roots Psychological Science is Born
Wilhelm Wundt (1879)
University of Leipzig
Reaction time

experiment
Credited with starting
modern psychological
experimentation

Psychology’s Roots Psychological Science is BornWilhelm Wundt (1879)University of LeipzigReaction time experimentCredited with starting modern psychologicalexperimentation

Слайд 6Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Structure
Edward Titchener
Structuralism
introspection

Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s StructureEdward TitchenerStructuralismintrospection

Слайд 7Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Function
William James
Functionalism
Mary Calkins
Margaret Floy Washburn
Experimental

psychology

Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s FunctionWilliam JamesFunctionalismMary CalkinsMargaret Floy WashburnExperimental psychology

Слайд 8Psychological Science Develops
Sigmund Freud

Psychological Science Develops Sigmund Freud

Слайд 9Psychological Science Develops
Behaviorism
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
“study of observable

behavior”
Psychological Science Develops BehaviorismJohn B. Watson B.F. Skinner“study of observable

Слайд 10Psychological Science Develops
Humanistic psychology
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow
Cognitive Neuroscience

Psychological Science Develops Humanistic psychologyCarl RogersAbraham MaslowCognitive Neuroscience

Слайд 11Psychological Science Develops
Psychology
Science
Behavior
Mental processes

Psychological Science Develops PsychologyScienceBehaviorMental processes

Слайд 12Psychology’s Biggest Question
Nature – Nurture Issue
Biology versus experience
History
Greeks
Rene Descartes
Charles Darwin
Natural

selection

Psychology’s Biggest Question Nature – Nurture IssueBiology versus experienceHistoryGreeksRene DescartesCharles DarwinNatural selection

Слайд 13Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
Levels of Analysis
Biological
Psychological
Social-cultural
Biopsychosocial Approach

Psychology’s Three Main Levels of AnalysisLevels of AnalysisBiologicalPsychologicalSocial-culturalBiopsychosocial Approach

Слайд 14Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

Слайд 15Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
Biological psychology
Evolutionary psychology
Psychodynamic psychology
Behavioral psychology
Cognitive psychology
Humanistic psychology
Social-cultural psychology

Psychological Approaches/PerspectivesBiological psychologyEvolutionary psychologyPsychodynamic psychologyBehavioral psychologyCognitive psychologyHumanistic psychologySocial-cultural psychology

Слайд 16Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

Слайд 17Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

Слайд 18Psychology’s Subfields
Psychometrics
Basic Research
Developmental psychology
Educational psychology
Personality psychology
Social psychology

Psychology’s Subfields PsychometricsBasic ResearchDevelopmental psychologyEducational psychologyPersonality psychologySocial psychology

Слайд 19Psychology’s Subfields
Applied Research
Industrial/organizational psychology
Human factors psychology
Counseling psychology
Clinical psychology
Psychiatry

Psychology’s Subfields Applied ResearchIndustrial/organizational psychologyHuman factors psychologyCounseling psychologyClinical psychologyPsychiatry

Слайд 20Empiricism
= the view that knowledge originates in experience and that

science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.

Empiricism= the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and

Слайд 21Structuralism
= an early school of psychology that used introspection to

explore the structural elements of the human mind.

Structuralism= an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human

Слайд 22Functionalism
= a school of psychology that focused on how our

mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable us

to adapt, survive, and flourish.
Functionalism= a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function – how

Слайд 23Experimental Psychology
= the study of behavior and thinking using the

experimental method.

Experimental Psychology= the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.

Слайд 24Behaviorism
= the view that psychology (1) should be an objective

science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.


Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
Behaviorism= the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference

Слайд 25Humanistic Psychology
= historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential

of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.

Humanistic Psychology= historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential

Слайд 26Cognitive Neuroscience
= the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked

with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

Cognitive Neuroscience= the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and

Слайд 27Psychology
= the science of behavior and mental processes.

Psychology= the science of behavior and mental processes.

Слайд 28Nature-Nurture Issue
= the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that

genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits

and behaviors.
Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.
Nature-Nurture Issue= the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development

Слайд 29Natural Selection
= the principle that, among the range of inherited

trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most

likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
Natural Selection= the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and

Слайд 30Biological Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies the links

between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes.

Biological Psychology= a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics)

Слайд 31Evolutionary Psychology
= the study of the roots of behavior and

mental processes using the principles of natural selection.

Evolutionary Psychology= the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural

Слайд 32Psychodynamic Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious

drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to

treat people with psychological disorders.
Psychodynamic Psychology= a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses

Слайд 33Behavioral Psychology
= the scientific study of observable behavior, and its

explanation by principles of learning.

Behavioral Psychology= the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.

Слайд 34Cognitive Psychology
= the scientific study of all the mental activities

associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Cognitive Psychology= the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Слайд 35Social-Cultural Psychology
= the study of how situations and cultures affect

our behavior and thinking.
= the scientific study of how we

think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Social-Cultural Psychology= the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.= the scientific study

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