Word-formation

vacuum cleaner, mike – microscope, trank – tranquilizer.Shortening may take

any part of a word usually a single syllable and throw away the rest: pram, lab, phone – telephone, plane – airplane, flu – influence.

a word to one of its parts, as a result

of which the new form is used as an independent lexical unit.
This type of word-formation is in English highly productive.
a. Final clipping – the beginning of the prototype is retained. E.g. ad, advert < advertisement, memo < memorandum, lab < laboratory, gym < gymnasium, vac < vacuum cleaner. b. Initial clipping – the final part is retained. E.g. chute < parachute, phone < telephone, copter < helicopter, plane < aeroplane. c. The middle is retained. E.g. Liz < Elizabeth , flu < influenza, tec < detective. d. The middle is left. E.g. fancy < fantasy, bionics < binoculars, maths < mathematics, ag’st < against.

creating of a new word by shortening of the original

polysyllabic word (prototype).
According to what part is cut off we distinguish:
final – doc (doctor),
initial – net (Internet)
medial clipping – poli-sci (political science).

an opposition in which words or word forms are differentiated

due to an alteration in the phonemic composition of the root. The process is not active in the language at present, and oppositions survive in the vocabulary only as remnants of previous stages.
food – feed, speak – speech, woman-women

otherwise homographic, mostly disyllabic nouns and verbs of Romanic origin

have a distinctive stress pattern.
'conduct n - ‘behaviour’
con'duct v - ‘to lead or guide (in a formal way)’
ADJ. VERBS
'absent – to ab'sent;
'frequent - to fre'quent;
'perfect – to per'fect;
'abstract – to ab'stract etc.

the naming of an action or thing by a more

or less exact reproduction of a sound associated with it.
bubble or splash - the sound of water
clink, tinkle- the noise of metallic things
buzz, croak, crow, moo, mew, neigh, purr, roar-sounds produced by animals, birds and insects
giggle, murmur, whisper - sounds produced by human beings in the process of communication or in expressing their feelings
etc.

the process and the result of forming a word out

of the initial elements (letters, morphemes) of a word combination.

as an ordinary English word
NATO — the North Atlantic Treaty

Organization
laser - light amplification by stimulated emission radiation
2) Initial abbreviation with the alphabetical reading, i.e. pronounced as a series of letters.
B.B.C. ['bi:'bi:'si:] — the British Broadcasting Corporation
3) Shortened form of a written word or phrase used in a text in place of the whole for economy of space and effort. In oral speech the unabbreviated words are pronounced
govt for government,
wd for word
N.Y. for New York State
4) Latin abbreviations which sometimes are not read as Latin words but substituted by their English equivalents.

e.g. (Lat exempli gratia) - for example;

combining parts of two words to form one.
-

refer words consisting of shortened parts of two derivational bases: the first constituent part of a blend represents a base whose final part is curtailed, the second part of it is made of a base whose initial part is missing.

smog = sm(oke) + (f)og.
brunch = breakfast + lunch
dancercise = dance + exercise.