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STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARYLecture 3

Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 11 variant:
Spoken variety of language and its peculiarities.

2 variant:
Written variety

of language and its peculiarities.



1 variant:Spoken variety of language and its peculiarities.2 variant:Written variety of language and its peculiarities.

Слайд 2STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Lecture 3

STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARYLecture 3

Слайд 3The word-stock of the English language is divided into three

main layers: the literary layer, the neutral layer and the

colloquial layer.
The word-stock of the English language is divided into three main layers: the literary layer, the neutral

Слайд 4The literary vocabulary consists of the following groups of words:
1.

common literary;
2. terms and learned words;
3. poetic words;
4. archaic words;
5.

barbarisms and foreign words;
6. literary coinages including nonce-words.
The literary vocabulary consists of the following groups of words:1. common literary;2. terms and learned words;3. poetic

Слайд 5The colloquial vocabulary falls into the following groups:
1. common colloquial

words;
2. slang;
3. jargonisms;
4. professional words;
5. dialectal words;
6. vulgar words;
7. colloquial

coinages.
The colloquial vocabulary falls into the following groups:1. common colloquial words;2. slang;3. jargonisms;4. professional words;5. dialectal words;6.

Слайд 7The common literary, neutral and common colloquial words are grouped

under the term standard English vocabulary. Other groups in the

literary layer are regarded as special literary vocabulary and those in the colloquial layer are regarded as special colloquial (non-literary) vocabulary.
The common literary, neutral and common colloquial words are grouped under the term standard English vocabulary. Other

Слайд 8Standard English vocabulary

Neutral words are used in both literary and

colloquial language

Common literаry words are chiefly used in writing and

in polished speech.

Common colloquial words are always more emotionally coloured than literary ones.
Standard English vocabularyNeutral words are used in both literary and colloquial languageCommon literаry words are chiefly used

Слайд 9kid – child – infant
father – parent – daddy
associate –

chap – fellow
get out – go away – retire
proceed –

go on – continue
teenager – boy (girl) – youth (maiden)
start – get going – commence
kid – child – infantfather – parent – daddyassociate – chap – fellowget out – go away

Слайд 10SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARY
Terms
belong to the style of language of science.

But they may as well appear in other styles –

in newspaper style, in publicistic and practically in all other existing styles of language.
SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARYTermsbelong to the style of language of science. But they may as well appear in

Слайд 11SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARY

b) Poetic and Highly Literary Words
are used to

create the special elevated atmosphere of poetry. Sometimes they are

used for expressing irony.
SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARYb) Poetic and Highly Literary Wordsare used to create the special elevated atmosphere of poetry.

Слайд 12SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARY
с) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words
Obsolescent words are

in the stage of gradually passing out of general use:

the pronouns thou and its forms thee, thy and thine; the corresponding verbal ending -est and the verb-forms art, wilt (thou makest, thou wilt); the ending -(e)th instead of -(e)s (he maketh) and the pronoun ye.
SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARYс) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete WordsObsolescent words are in the stage of gradually passing out

Слайд 13SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARY
с) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words
Obsоlete words are

those that have already gone completely out of use but

are still recognized by the English-speaking community: e. g. methinks ( = it seems to me); nay ( = no).
SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARYс) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete WordsObsоlete words are those that have already gone completely out

Слайд 14SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARY
с) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words
Archaic words are

no longer recognizable in modern English, words that were in

use in Old English, e. g. troth (= faith); a losel (= a worthless, lazy fellow). Archaic words are used in the creation of a realistic background to historical novels.
SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARYс) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete WordsArchaic words are no longer recognizable in modern English, words

Слайд 15SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARY
d) Barbarisms and Foreignisms
are words of foreign origin

which have not entirely been assimilated into the English language.

Most of them have corresponding English synonyms; e. g. chic (= stylish); bon mot (= a clever witty saying); en passant (= in passing); ad infinitum (= to infinity) and many other words and phrases.
Barbarisms and foreign words are used in various styles of language, but are most often to be found in the style of belles-lettres and the publicistic style.
SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARYd) Barbarisms and Foreignismsare words of foreign origin which have not entirely been assimilated into

Слайд 16SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARY
e) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words)
Neologism is defined as

“a new word or a new meaning for an established

word.”
Examples are numerous: musicomedy (music+comedy); cinemactress (cinema+actress); and the already recognized blends like smog (smoke+fog); chortle (chuckle+snort). Such words are called blends.
Another type of neologism is the nonce-word, i.e. a word coined to suit one particular occasion:
"You're the bestest good one – she said – the most bestest good one in the world." (H. E. Bates)
“Sevenish” (around seven o'clock); “morish” (a little more) (A. Christie).
SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARYe) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words)Neologism is defined as “a new word or a new meaning

Слайд 17SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY
a) Slang
language of a highly colloquial type considered

as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting

either of new words or of current words employed in some special sense
SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARYa) Slanglanguage of a highly colloquial type considered as below the level of standard educated

Слайд 18SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY
a) Slang
to take stock in—'to be interested in,

attach importance, give credence to'
bread-basket—'the stomach' (a jocular use)
to

do a flit—'to quit one's flat or lodgings at night without paying the rent or board'
rot –'nonsense!'
the cat's pyjamas—'the correct thing'
SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARYa) Slangto take stock in—'to be interested in, attach importance, give credence to'bread-basket—'the stomach'

Слайд 19SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY
b) Jargonisms
is a recognized term for a group

of words that exists in almost every language and whose

aim is to preserve secrecy within one or another social group.
The following jargons are well known in the English language: the jargon of thieves and vagabonds, generally known as cant; the jargon of jazz people; the jargon of the army, known as military slang; the jargon of sportsmen, etc.
SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARYb) Jargonismsis a recognized term for a group of words that exists in almost every

Слайд 20SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY
b) Jargonisms
The word grease means 'money';
loaf means 'head';
a

tiger hunter is 'a gambler';
a lexer is 'a student preparing

for a law course'.
SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARYb) JargonismsThe word grease means 'money';loaf means 'head';a tiger hunter is 'a gambler';a lexer is

Слайд 21SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY
b) Jargonisms
The word grease means 'money';
loaf means 'head';
a

tiger hunter is 'a gambler';
a lexer is 'a student preparing

for a law course'.
SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARYb) JargonismsThe word grease means 'money';loaf means 'head';a tiger hunter is 'a gambler';a lexer is

Слайд 22SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY
b) Jargonisms
Jargonisms do not always remain on the

outskirts of the literary language. Many words have overcome the

resistance of the language lawgivers and purists and entered the standard vocabulary. Thus the words kid, fun, queer, bluff, fib, humbug, formerly slang words or jargonisms, are now considered common colloquial.
SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARYb) JargonismsJargonisms do not always remain on the outskirts of the literary language. Many words

Слайд 23SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY
c) Professionalisms
are the words used in a definite

trade profession or calling by people connected by common interests

both at work and at home.
Tin-fish (=submarine); block-buster (=a bomb especially designed to destroy blocks of big buildings); piper (=a specialist who decorates pastry with the use of a cream-pipe); a midder case (=a midwifery case); outer (=a knockout blow).
SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARYc) Professionalismsare the words used in a definite trade profession or calling by people connected

Слайд 24SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY
d) Dialectal Words
in the process of integration of

the English national language remained beyond its literary boundaries, and

their use is generally confined to a definite locality.
Lass 'a girl or a beloved girl‘
lad 'a boy or a young man‘
daft 'of unsound mind, silly‘
fash 'trouble, cares'
SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARYd) Dialectal Wordsin the process of integration of the English national language remained beyond its

Слайд 25SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY
e) Vulgar Words or Vulgarisms
1) expletives and swear

words which are of an abusive character, like 'damn', 'bloody',

'to hell', 'goddarn' and used now as general exclamations;
2) obscene words.
SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARYe) Vulgar Words or Vulgarisms1) expletives and swear words which are of an abusive character,

Слайд 26SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY
f) Colloquial Coinages (Words and Meanings)
Colloquial coinages (nonce-words)

unlike those of a literary-bookish character are spontaneous and elusive.

This proceeds from the very nature of the colloquial words as such. Not all of the colloquial nonce-words are fixed in dictionaries or even in writing and therefore most of them disappear from the language leaving no trace in it.
to be the limit – 'to be unbearable'
SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARYf) Colloquial Coinages (Words and Meanings)Colloquial coinages (nonce-words) unlike those of a literary-bookish character are

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