incident radiation is known as reflectability or albedo of the
surface. This ratio is usually expressed in % or in decimal fractions.I
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Albedo
Содержание
- 1. Albedo
- 2. Albedo of water surfacesAlbedo depends on the
- 3. Albedo of cloudsAlbedo depends on cloud depthThresholdAlbedo
- 4. Altocumulus (Ac) http://www.clouds-online.com/index.htmDescription:Grey cloud bundles, sheds
- 5. Stratocumulus (Sc) Description: Cloud plaices, rollers or
- 6. Cumulus (Cu) Description: Heap cloud with flat
- 7. Albedo of cloudsAlbedo depends on cloud depthAlbedo
- 8. Dependence of albedo (r), transmission (P), and
- 9. Слайд 9
- 10. Addition to albedo of cloudsDifference between albedo
- 11. The rate of separate cloud albedo, r(n),
- 12. Experimental data analysis has shown that albedo
- 13. Скачать презентанцию
Albedo of water surfacesAlbedo depends on the Sun altitude especially over water surface (roughness)90°2%20°45°5°5%12%35%Dependence on the Sun altitude causes well-defined diurnal and annual variations of albedoAnnual variation of albedoMinimal albedo –
Слайды и текст этой презентации
Слайд 2Albedo of water surfaces
Albedo depends on the Sun altitude especially
over water surface
(roughness)
90°
2%
20°
45°
5°
5%
12%
35%
Dependence on the Sun altitude causes well-defined
diurnal and annual variations of albedoAnnual variation of albedo
Minimal albedo – summer
Maximal albedo -- winter
Слайд 3Albedo of clouds
Albedo depends on cloud depth
Threshold
Albedo also depends on
cloud form. The largest albedo is at Ac and Sc
clouds. Ac – 73%; Sc – 64%; Cu – 52%Cloud depth (∆h), albedo (r), and transmission function (P).
Слайд 4Altocumulus (Ac)
http://www.clouds-online.com/index.htm
Description:
Grey cloud bundles, sheds or rollers, compound like rough
fleecy cloud, which are often arranged in banks.
Origin:
By rise of
an expanded air layer at the border of a rising zone. By convection or turbulence within an unstable layer of the middle cloud level.
By transformation from Altostratus und Nimbostratus at lability or Cumulus and Cumulonimbus at stability.
Слайд 5Stratocumulus (Sc)
Description:
Cloud plaices, rollers or banks compound dark gray
layer cloud.
Origin:
By turbulence.
By convection in unstable air layers, which
are limited by a strong inversion upward. By undulation in very damp air layers and usually at inversions.
From other clouds (Nimbostratus, Cumulus, Stratus)
Слайд 6Cumulus (Cu)
Description:
Heap cloud with flat basis in the middle
or lower level, whose vertical development reminds of the form
of towers, cauliflower or cotton.Origin:
The Cumulus always indicates an instability to the layering of air with appropriate convection or turbulence.
Слайд 7Albedo of clouds
Albedo depends on cloud depth
Albedo also depends on
cloud form. The largest albedo is at Ac and Sc
clouds. Ac – 73%; Sc – 64%; Cu – 52%Cloud depth (∆h), albedo (r), and transmission function (P).
Слайд 8Dependence of albedo (r), transmission (P), and absorption (A) functions
on the Sun altitude.
Albedo, r%
Transmission function, P%
Absorption function, A%
Albedo of
clouds also depends on Earth’s surface albedo (re). The stronger the re value, the larger the cloud albedo
Слайд 10Addition to albedo of clouds
Difference between albedo of a separate
cloud r and albedo of a cloud layer rl.
“n” is
cloud amount in decimal fractions, is albedo of cloud free atmosphere at the level of the possible cloud top.From the experimental data the following formula has been obtained.
Here, rl%, and n in points.
Слайд 11
The rate of separate cloud albedo, r(n), can be explained
by the fact that, at small cloud cover (n
the distance between clouds is rather big, and separated clouds act in each cloud own way (not interacting with each other).As amount of clouds increasing, the clouds start interacting. Radiation scattered by a cloud side reaches some other clouds, resulting in increasing of reflection.
Слайд 12Experimental data analysis has shown that albedo of cloud layer
depends only slightly on cloud depth. At n=4…6 points, correlation
coefficient is as low as 0,19±0,1. This fact can be explained in the same way as it was done in previous discussion.The albedo of clouds can vary significantly as the initial depth is rather small (the cloudiness is thin).
