Английский язык

по прочитанному материалу.-15б.
 

местоимением one.
Пример:
One must know the traffic rules.
Нужно знать правила

дорожного движения.
Перевод на русский язык – безличным или неопределенно-личным предложением.

действие.
Пример:
It is possible for an agreement to be reached.
Возможно достичь

соглашения.
It is difficult to understand him.
Его сложно понять.
It is winter. It is cold.
Зима. Холодно.
Перевод на русский язык – безличным предложением.

предложения после конструкций: It is (was)… that (who)…, оставшаяся часть

– придаточное предложение, вводимое союзом that (who).
Пример:
It is he who is the best man in the world.
Именно он самый лучший человек в мире.

сказуемого утвердительного предложения:
Пример:
I do like learning foreign languages.
Я очень люблю

изучать иностранные языки.
He did take part in this work.
Он действительно принимал участие в этой работе.

before.
Никогда раньше мы не получали таких результатов.

прошедшее и будущее), но существует 4 основных аспекта времен:
Indefinite Tenses
Continuous

Tenses
Perfect Tenses
Perfect Continuous Tenses

прошедшем или будущем периодах времени.

am
You are


He

She is
It

I am not – I'm not
You are not – you aren't
He is not – he isn't
Am I ?
Is he ?
Are you ?

Множественное число
We are
You are
They are

We are not – We aren't
They are not – They aren't
Are we ?
Are they?

He
She

was
It



I was not – I wasn’t
Was I ?
Was she ?

Множественное число
We were
You were
They were

We were not
They were not
Were we ?
Were they?

be
You
He

will be
She
It



Отрицания:
I shall not be– I shan’t be
You will not be– You won’t be

Вопросы:
Shall I be ?
Will You be ?

Множественное число
We - shall be

You will be
They

(I've)
You have
He
She has (he's)
It
Мн.число
We

have
You have
They have
We've, they've
Have not – haven't
Has not – hasn't

He had
She

It

Мн.число
We
You had
They



Had not – hadn't
Had we?

He will have
She

It

Мн.число
We
You will have
They



will not have – won’t have
Will he have?

прошедшем или будущем
Указывают на постоянное действие, происходящее непрерывно в течение

какого-то периода времени.
Переводятся на русский язык формами глагола несовершенного вида (читаю, читала, буду читать)

настоящем, прошедшем или будущем;
Переводятся на русский язык глаголами совершенного вида

(прочитала, прочту).

до определенного момента в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем и продолжается

в данный момент (читала и продолжаю читать).

времени и продолжается в настоящем времени.
Маркеры: FOR, SINCE,
Отвечает на

вопрос “HOW LONG?”
I have already been working at my report for three hours.
She has been doing her homework since morning.

IT.

He has been working since morning.

HAVE – BEEN – V(ing)

для THEY, YOU, I, WE

I have been reading the newspaper since 5 o’clock.

предложении – HAVE (HAS) выносим вперед:
Have you been working since

morning ?
Has he been reading for three hours?
При образовании отрицания отрицательная частица NOT ставиться после HAVE, HAS.
You have not been working since morning.

since he was a young man.
He has been writing

books since he was a young man.
2. What you (to do) here since morning?
What have you been doing here since morning?
3. Today she (to help) her mother since morning.
Today she has been helping her mother since morning.
4. They (to work) there for already three hours.
They have been working there for already three hours.
5. I (to live) in Minsk since 1990.
I have been living in Minsk since 1990.
6. He (to work) here for fifteen years.
He has been working here for fifteen years.
7. The sun (to shine) ever since we got up.
The sun has been shining ever since we got up.

writing books since he was a young man.
He has not

been writing books since he was a young man.
Has he been writing books since he was a young man?
2. I have been reading since morning.
I have not been reading since morning.
Have you been reading since morning?
3. Today she has been helping her mother since morning.
Today she has not been helping her mother since morning.
Has she been helping her mother since morning today?
4. They have been working there for already three hours.
They have not been working there for already three hours.
Have they been working there for already three hours?
5. I have been living in Minsk since 1990.
I have not been living in Minsk since 1990.
Have you been living in Minsk since 1990.

моментом наступления другого прошедшего действия.
Маркеры: SINCE, FOR, HOW LONG….?
He felt

tired as he had been playing football for several hours.

is shining but it is still could as it had

been raining hard.
При образовании отрицания отрицательную частицу NOT ставим после HAD.
I had not been working for 3 hours.
При образовании вопроса HAD выносится вперед.
Had I been working for 3 hours?

(to work) for a long time when my brother came.
-

I had been working when my brother came.
I (to work) when my brother came.
- I was working when my brother came.
2. His sister (to live) in Minsk when the war began.
- His sister was living in Minsk when the war began.
His sister (to live) in Minsk for three years when the war began.
- His sister had been living in Minsk for three years when the war began.
3. She (to sleep) for three hours when we return.
She had been sleeping for three hours when we return.
She (to sleep) when we return.
- She was sleeping when we return.

for a long time when my brother came.
I had not

been working for a long time when my brother came.
Had I been working for a long time when my brother came?
2. It had been raining for two hours when I left home.
It had not been raining for two hours when I left home.
Had it been raining for two hours when I left home?
3. He felt very tired as he had been walking for 2 hours.
He didn’t feel
































































































































































































































































































very tired as he had not been walking for 2 hours.
Had he been walking for 2 hours?
4. I had been reading the book since five o’clock when the phone rang.
I had not been reading the book since five o’clock when the phone rang.
Had I been reading the book since five o’clock when the phone rang?

начнется ранее другого будущего действия и будет еще совершаться в

момент его наступления.
Маркеры: FOR, SINCE.

I shall begin to work at 10 o’clock in the morning. When you return home at 5 o’clock, I shall have been working for seven hours.

of June, 1994, he will have been working at the

factory for twenty years.
Отрицательная форма образуется добавлением отрицательной частицы NOT к вспомагательному глаголу SHALL, WILL
He will not have been working at the factory for twenty years.
При образовании вопроса WILL выносим вперед
Will he have been working at the factory for twenty years?

already (to stop), but the snow still ( to fall).
When

morning came, storm had already stopped, but the snow was still falling.
2. Yesterday by eight o’clock he (to finish) all his homework .
Yesterday by eight o’clock he had finished all his work.
3. When I (to come) to his place at nine, he (to read). He (to read) since morning.
When I came to his place at nine, he was reading. He had been reading since morning.
4. Today I (to take) it from him.
Today I have taken it from him.
5. He (to be) here 5 minutes ago.
He was here 5 minutes ago.
6. We can’t go out because it (to rain) hard since morning.
We can’t go out because it has been raining since morning.
7. The students (to write) the paper by dinner.
The students will have written the paper by diner.

действие)



Я читаю газету сейчас.
(длительное действие, совершается в момент речи)

Я читаю

газету уже час.
(длительное действие, совершается в момент речи, с указанием, как долго оно совершается)

I read newspapers every day. ( Present indefinite)
Often, usually, seldom, always, sometimes, every week (month, year)


I am reading a newspaper now. (Present Continuous)
Now, at this moment.

I have been reading a newspaper for an hour.
( Present Perfect Continuous)
For, since. How long…?

(прошедшее время результат которого налицо в настоящем времени или только

что завершившееся действие)
Я читал прочитал эту статью вчера. (действие, совершившееся в истекшем отрезке времени)
Я прочитал эту статью, до того как он пришел.(действие, совершившееся до определенного момента в прошлом)
Я читал газету, когда он пришел.(длительное действие, совершавшееся в определенный момент в прошлом)
Я читал газету уже час когда он пришел (длительное действие, совершавшееся в определенный момент в прошлом, с указанием, как долго оно совершалось)

I have already read the book. (Present Perfect)
Just, already, yet, ever, never, this week (year, month), today.
I read the article yesterday. (Past Indefinite)
Last week (year, month), in 1996, a week (year, month, moment) ago, yesterday.
I had read the article before he came. (Past Perfect)
By 6 o’clock yesterday, by the end of last week
I was reading the newspaper when he came. (Past Continuous)
At that moment, at 6 o’clock yesterday.
I had been reading the newspaper for an hour when he came. (Past Perfect Continuous)
For, since. How long…?

статью завтра. (действие, которое совершиться в будущем)
Я буду читать эту

статью, когда он придет. (длительное действие, которое будет совершаться в определенный момент в будущем)
Я уже прочитаю эту статью, когда он придет. (действие, которое совершиться до определенного момента в будущем)
К твоему приходу я буду читать статью уже 3 часа.(будущее длительное действие с указанием, как долго оно будет длиться)

I shall read the article tomorrow. (Future Indefinite)
In a week (year, month), next week (year, month), in 2011, in future.
I shall be reading the article when he comes (Future Continuous)
At 6 o’clock tomorrow, at this time tomorrow.

I shall already have read the article when he comes. (Future Perfect)
By 6 o’clock tomorrow, by the end of the next week


By your coming I shall have been reading the article for 3 hours (Future Perfect Continuous)
For, since. How long…?

German a little.
I speak German a little.

2. I hope you (come) to see us next Sunday
I hope you will come to see us next Sunday.
3. He (finish) writing his report by the end of last week.
He had finished his report by the end of last week.
4. At 9 o’clock tomorrow I (sit) at the lesson.
At 9 o’clock tomorrow I shall be sitting at the lesson.
5. When I (see) them they (play) football.
When I saw them they were playing football.
6. I (look) for my glasses. Where are they?
I am looking for my glasses. Where are they?
7. He (write) his report by the end of next week.
He will have written his report by the end of the next week.
8. This time last year he (prepare) for his entrance exams.
This time last year he was preparing for his entrance exams.
9. Last night someone (steal) a car in our street.
Last night someone stole a car in our street.
10. We can’t go out. It (rain) hard.
We can’t go out. It is raining hard.
11. He (translate) this article for 3 hours already and (not finish) yet.
He has been translating this article for 3 hours already and hasn’t finished yet.

или объекту.
Действительный залог (Active Voice) – показывает, что предмет или

лицо (подлежащее) производит действие.
Ted washed his car. – Тэд вымыл свою машину.
A famous scientist made this experiment. Известный ученый провел эксперимент.

действию.
The car was washed by Ted.
Машина была вымыта Тедом.

The experiment

was made by a famous scientist.
Эксперимент был произведен знаменитым ученым.

когда действие или его результат более интересны, чем исполнитель.
Страдательный залог

образуется с помощью глагола to be в соответствующем времени и III формы глагола (причастие II)

соответствующем Смыслового глагола
времени,
числе, лице

перед подлежащим, например:

When was the work done?
Has the work been

done?

первого вспомогательного глагола, например:

The work was not done last week.
The

work will not be done tomorrow.

действия в страдательном залоге, надо использовать предлог by.

The letter was

written by Lena.

some new magazines.
Some new magazines have just been brought by

secretary.
2. A railway line connects the village with the town.
The town is connected with the village by railway line.
3. A famous architect designed this theatre.
This theatre was designed by famous architect.
4. The teacher will correct the student’s composition.
The student’s composition will be corrected by the teacher.
5. The director has just signed the letter.
The letter has just been signed by the director.
6. The customs officer is counting the cases.
The cases are being counted by the customs officer.
7. When he entered the kitchen his sister was cooking supper.
Supper was being cooked by his sister when he entered the kitchen.

и непереходные глаголы (требующие косвенного или предложного дополнения)
To arrive at

– приходить, достигать
To call upon - призывать
To deal with – иметь дело с, общаться с
To depend on – зависеть
To comment on – комментировать

At last the agreement was arrived at.
Наконец пришли к соглашению.
The article is often referred to. На статью часто ссылаются.

требующий предложного или косвенного дополнения.
To affect – воздействовать на
To attend

– присутствовать на
To follow – следовать за
To influence – влиять на
To join – присоединиться к
To refuse – отказаться от

She was greatly affected by the scene.
Она была поражена увиденным.
The report was followed by a discussion.
За докладом последовала дискуссия.

to make use of - использовать
to pay attention to –

обращать внимание
to take notice of - наблюдать
to take care of – заботиться о ком-либо
to make fun of smb. – высмеивать кого-либо
Их невозможно перевести на русский язык соответствующими глаголами, не заменив страдательный залог действительным.
His remarks were taken no notice of.
На его замечания не обратили внимания.
The boat was lost sight of.
Вскоре лодка исчезла из виду.

с предлогом by), обычно переводятся на русский язык неопределенно-личными предложениями.

Yesterday Parliament was told that there is going to be no reduction whatever in the size of the British Army in Northern Ireland.
Вчера парламенту сообщили, что численность английской армии в Северной Ирландии вообще не будет уменьшена.

Русский язык
Действительный залог
Неопределенно-личные предложения
Неличная форма глагола
Передача пассивной формы лексически.