Constituent Structure of the Sentence. Syntactic Processes

sentence parsing.
The main sentence parts: the subject and the

predicate, their types.  
The secondary sentence parts: attribute, object, adverbial modifier.
The structural scheme of the sentence. The elementary sentence.
Syntactic processes.

parts of the sentence.

It denotes the thing whose action

or characteristic is expressed by the predicate.

It may be expressed by different parts of speech.

thing expressed by the subject.
It can be expressed in

numerous ways.

started training out at a health farm.
As we continued to

laugh his surprise gave way to annoyance.
Alfredo used to talk to me about it.
May I ask you a question?
He is said to be looking for a new job.
 I felt sore for a minute.

direct, indirect and prepositional.
2. Objects are grouped into prepositional and

non-prepositional.

3. Prof. Pocheptsov singles out the following types of objects:
Object object (дополнение объекта)  
e.g. He saw me. He looked at me.
Addressee object (дополнение адресата)
e.g. He gave her money. He wrote to me.  
Subject object (дополнение субъекта)
e.g. He was exhausted by her outburst.

modifying a part of the sentence serving to characterise an

action or a property as to its quality or intensity, or to indicate the way an action is done, the time, place, cause, purpose, or condition, with which the action or the manifestation of the quality is connected.

modifiers of:

that denotes an attributive quality of an object expressed by

a noun.

It is a secondary part of the sentence modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a pronoun, a cardinal numeral, and any substantivised word, and characterizing the thing named by these words as to its quality or property.

of attribute, and sometimes as a secondary part of a

sentence distinct from an attribute.

Apposition is a word or phrase referring to a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, and explaining and specifying its meaning by giving it another name.

scheme of the sentence is a sentence structure minimal by

its composition and simplest by grammatical and semantic structure.

A construction built according to a structural scheme and realizing all of its components is called an elementary sentence.

examples of corresponding elementary sentences:

Subject – predicate expressed by a

verb of non-directed action (Active Voice).
Subject – predicate expressed by a verb of non-prepositional-object directivity (Active Voice)– direct object.
Subject – predicate expressed by a verb requiring two non-prepositional objects: object of addressee and object of patient (Active voice) – non-prepositional object of addressee – non-prepositional object of patient.

(Active Voice) – adverbial modifier of place.

Subject – predicate expressed

by a verb of temporal directivity (Active Voice) – adverbial modifier of time.

Subject – predicate expressed by a verb of non-prepositional object directivity (Passive Voice).

some syntactic units to another unit.

The added elements have

the same syntactic status as the expanded element.

The simplest type of expansion is repetition of some element in a syntagmatic chain.

e.g. Good, good boy. I walked and walked

to others as both semantically and syntactically independent unit. (e.g.

She cried bitterly and with despair.)
 
Specification (спецификация) can be observed when one syntactic unit semantically develops the other, makes it more specific. (e.g. I’ll give you a call tomorrow, after 5 p.m.)

structure of a syntactic unit from simple to complex.

The

complicacy of structure presupposes a mutual syntactic dependence of the unit’s constituents.

e.g. She cried. She began to cry.

are singled out according to the morphological appurtenance of the

complicating element:

active-verbal complication (e.g. I have to go);
passive-verbal complication (e.g. He is expected to come);
adjectival complication (e.g. He is unlikely to come).

possible after verbs of certain semantics.
It consists in adding

an infinitive, a participle, an adjective, or a prepositional group to a noun or a pronoun performing the function of the object.
The object and the complicating element stand in the relations of secondary predication.

e.g. I found him attractive. She considered me a fool.

to the predicate.
The result of contamination is the so-called

double, or contaminated, predicate.

e.g. The sun shone glaring and dazzling.

element which depends on the former.
Syntactic groups that appear

in the result of development are of endocentric character, their syntactic behavior is that of the central element before it was modified
e.g.
N → AN: flower – beautiful flower;
V → VAdv: walked – walked slowly;
A → AdvA: beautiful – strikingly beautiful.

words as syntactic elements with particles (e.g. only for you,

just in case, even at such a great sum).
Inclusion (включение) consists in inserting modal words and similar elements into a sentence. (e. g. Apparently, this is the only way out. A true friend, indeed.)
Isolation is a syntactic process aimed at accentuating some sentence member or sentence member group. (e. g. I used to. At home.)

meaning instead of words and constructions with specific meaning which

were mentioned earlier. 
e.g. Do you want me to open the window? – Yes, please do.

Representation (репрезентация) consists in using a part of some syntactic unit representing the whole unit.
e.g. Could you help me? – I will be happy to.

the construction is not explicitly used but only implied. The

omitted element can be restored from the context.
e.g. It seems so strange! – It is!