Discovery and development of antibiotics

Содержание

1. Discovery and development of antibiotics
2. Penicillin - the first antibioticPenicillin was the
3. Penicillin - the first antibioticFleming could not
4. Production of antibioticsPenicillins and cephalosporins are antibiotics
5. Timeline of antibiotic discovery and developmentThe period
6. Timeline taken from the World Economic
7. Timeline taken from the CDC report:
8. Resistance rates in Europe Antimicrobial resistance rates
9. Скачать презентанцию

Penicillin - the first antibioticPenicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered.It was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist working in St Mary's Hospital London.Fleming discovered that mould

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Discovery and development of antibiotics

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Слайд 1Discovery and development of antibiotics

Слайд 2Penicillin - the first antibiotic
Penicillin was the first antibiotic to

be discovered.
It was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, a

Scottish scientist working in St Mary's Hospital London.
Fleming discovered that mould from a Penicillium fungus had antibacterial properties. The antibiotic was named penicillin after the fungus.

Penicillin - the first antibioticPenicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered.It was discovered in 1928 by

Слайд 3Penicillin - the first antibiotic
Fleming could not extract enough penicillin

from the mould to use for the treatment of patients
In

1938, Howard Florey (an Australian microbiologist), Ernst Chain (a German chemist) and others at Oxford University pioneered the production of penicillin for human treatment. But they had to depend on pharmaceutical companies in the United States to produce penicillin on a large scale.
Penicillin was first released for widespread use in the early 1940’s and it saved many lives during World War II.

Howard Florey

Ernst Chain

Penicillin - the first antibioticFleming could not extract enough penicillin from the mould to use for the

Слайд 4Production of antibiotics
Penicillins and cephalosporins are antibiotics derived from fungi

Antibiotics

can also be derived from other bacteria. These include aminoglycosides

and carbapenems

Newer antibiotics are synthetically made, usually by modifying the chemical structure of naturally occurring antibiotics

Chemically synthesised antibiotics include quinolones and sulfonamides

Production of antibioticsPenicillins and cephalosporins are antibiotics derived from fungiAntibiotics can also be derived from other bacteria.

Слайд 5Timeline of antibiotic discovery and development
The period from 1950 to

1960 is often called the golden age of antibiotic discovery.

Since then, antibiotic discovery, development and release for widespread use has been in decline.

Image credit: Clatworthy et al. 2007 Nat Chem Biol 3, 541-8

Timeline of antibiotic discovery and developmentThe period from 1950 to 1960 is often called the golden age

Слайд 6
Timeline taken from the World Economic Forum, Global Risk

Report 2013

No new classes of antibiotics have been developed since

1987.

Since this time, a few new antibiotics have been introduced, but these are modifications and adaptations to existing antibiotics.

Discovery of new antibiotics

Timeline taken from the World Economic Forum, Global Risk Report 2013No new classes of antibiotics have

Слайд 7
Timeline taken from the CDC report: ‘Antimicrobial Resistance Threats

in the United States’, 2013
Antibiotic resistance was first identified in

the 1940’s.

Resistance can develop within a short space of time.

The first Meticillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus bacterium was identified only 2 years after meticillin was introduced.

In the case of penicillin, resistance was identified even before the antibiotic was released for widespread use, although this was not a problem until antibiotics began to be used intensively.