Food Additives And Contaminants The addition of chemicals to foodstuffs to

to facilitate their processing and preservation, to enhance their analeptic

properties, and to control natural contaminants is stringently regulated. Only food additives that have been passed as safe at specified action levels after exacting laboratory testing are permitted. Reported health problems suspected to be caused by food additives have been trivial and largely anecdotal. Long-term adverse effects of approved additives and contaminants on health have not been established.

public with a greater variety of attractive foods than would

otherwise be possible, must be weighed against known risks. The issues involved are frequently complex. The use of nitrite in cured meats is an example. Nitrite inhibits the growth of Clostridium botulinum and imparts a desired flavor. However, there is evidence that nitrite is converted in the body to nitrosamines, which are known carcinogens in animals. On the other hand, the amount of nitrite added to cured meat is small compared with the amount from naturally occurring food nitrates converted to nitrite by the salivary glands. In addition, dietary vitamin C can reduce nitrite formation in the GI tract. The report of food hypersensitivity (allergy) in a few susceptible persons associated with some additives, especially coloring agents, is a concern. However, most of these reactions are caused by ordinary food (see Food Allergy and Intolerance in Ch. 148).

residues, are also stringently regulated. Contaminants from certain foodstuffs cannot

be completely eliminated without damaging the foodstuff. Levels considered safe by the FDA (tolerance levels) have been established for a variety of foodstuffs. For example, the residual tolerance level of aflatoxin (a fungal product that is found mainly in peanuts, especially if not fresh, and that is a known liver carcinogen in animals) is 20 ppb for peanuts and peanut products but 0.5 ppb for milk. The tolerance level is 0.5 ppb for lead in evaporated milk and 1.0 ppm for mercury in fish, oysters, clams, mussels, and wheat. In general, these levels have not caused illness or adverse effects in humans.

к центральной)

Семантический
(какой вклад в значение слова вносит морфема)

значение слова лексически и грамматически (префиксы, суффиксы, флексии)

– guidance
Teaspoon – teaspoonful
Treat – treatable
Лимон – пол-лимона

– cur ed

Barret Ø – Barret ’s

To provide Ø –

it provide s

er

Drive - drove – driven

Man – men

Long - length

failing, am planning)


Have … en (has gone, had given, have

seen)

overviewing, collaborate,

interactions, bi-directional, inhabitants
 

Branches

Pianos


Oxen Children
Fish Sheep Deer
Formulae Data Bases Phenomena
Mice Women Feet Teeth

– happier – the happiest
Narrow – narrower – the narrowest
Clever

– cleverer – the cleverest
Polite – politer - the politest
Beautiful – more beautiful – the most beautiful
Exciting – more exciting – the most exciting

Внутренней флексии (чередования)
(begin – began – begun)
(become – became –

become)

Супплетивизма
(go – went; I – me; good – better)