Medical Ethics in Human Subjects Research: Nazi Physicians – War Crimes and

Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
Douglas J. Lanska, MD, MS, MSPH
Дуглас

Дж. Ланска, доктор медицины

risks and potential benefits
Use extreme caution if microorganisms are involved
Protect

vulnerable subjects
Obtain informed consent

animal experiments before human experiments
Avoid human experiments if other means

of collecting data are still available.
Balance risks and potential benefits
Use extreme caution if microorganisms are involved.

should be taken for subjects < 18 years old.
Poor or

socially disadvantaged subjects should not be exploited.
Obtain informed consent:
Full, unambiguous, and informed consent from test subjects is required, except in extreme extenuating circumstances.

trials for war crimes of German doctors that United States authorities held

in the occupation zone in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II.
20 of 23 defendants were medical doctors; 3 were administrators
Accused of having been involved in horrific human experimentation and mass murder.

and antibodies for the prevention and treatment of contagious diseases:
Malaria
Typhus
Tuberculosis
Typhoid

fever
Yellow fever
Infectious hepatitis

To make these tests, patients were intentionally infected with these diseases.

Exposure  to lethal gases to test possible antidotes.:

Phosgene


Mustard gas

devise methods to eradicate “inferior” genes from the human population

to create Hitler’s “perfect race.”
Attempted to demonstrate “degeneration” of Jewish and “Gypsy” blood by harvesting tissue samples & body parts.
Many “test subjects” died as a result of the experiments or were murdered to facilitate post-mortem examination.

Jewish and Roma (Gypsy) twins.
Most were children, as young as 5 years

of age.
Many twins had limbs and organs removed in macabre surgical procedures, performed without an anesthetic (stitched twins together, sex-change operations, removal of organs and limbs, castration or sterilization, injected chemicals into eyes to change their eye color).
After an experiment, subjects were usually murdered and their bodies dissected.

medical experiments.
These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the

Soviet Red Army in January 1945.

of the Soviet Red Army documented the liberation of the

death camp at Auschwitz.

for the welfare of the patient] - нет
I will use

treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment - нет
Into whatsoever houses I enter, I will enter to help the sick- нет

harm] - нет
I will never use treatment with a view

to injury and wrong-doing. - нет
Neither will I administer a poison to anybody when asked to do so, nor will I suggest such a course. - нет
I will abstain from all intentional wrong-doing and harm, especially from abusing the bodies of man or woman, bond or free. - нет