NICCOL Ó MACHIAVELLI (1469-1527)

need for stability in a prince’s principality: at stake is

its preservation
The state has no transcendent justification: it is an instrument for common good  separation between the church and the state
The art of the state: political techniques of extreme realism
Virtú: no moral connotation  virtuous are those qualities and attitudes that contribute to the success of the prince  a moral vice can well be a political virtue (for example, cruelty)
Prudence: considering not only the short period, but the long period as well

no moral basis on which to judge the difference between

legitimate and illegitimate uses of power. Is it true? Perhaps there are two different kind of morality: one for common citizens (as private individuals) and another one for rulers
Flexible Disposition: varying her/his conduct from good to evil and back again “as fortune and circumstances dictate”

humane, frank, and religious, but he should only seem to

have these qualities. A prince cannot truly have these qualities because at times it is necessary to act against them. Although a bad reputation should be avoided, this is not crucial in maintaining power. The only ethic that matters is one that is beneficial to the prince in dealing with the concerns of his state.

will be exhausted. This results in higher taxes and will

bring grief upon the prince.
Then, if he decides to discontinue or limit his generosity, he will be labeled as a miser.
Guarding against the people’s hatred is more important than building up a reputation for generosity.
A wise prince should be more willing to be reputed a miser than be hated for trying to be too generous

would be best to be both loved and feared. But

since the two rarely come together, anyone compelled to choose will find greater security in being feared than in being loved.”
do not interfere with the property of the subjects, their women, or the life of somebody without proper justification.
Regarding the troops of the prince, fear is absolutely necessary to keep a large garrison united and a prince should not mind the thought of cruelty in that regard