Old English borrowings

and Celtic languages. Some words taken over from Latin had

been borrowed by Latin from Greek.

layer words taken over either directly from the Romans before

the Anglo- Saxons settled in Britain, or from the Celtic inhabitants of Britain, (2) the second layer: words concerning religion and the church, taken over after the introduction of Christianity, which began in 597; these words belorng to the 7th century.

of material culture, and on the other, names of products

which the Anglo-Saxons bought from Roman merchants. The first group is represented by the words: stræt 'street', from Latin strāta (via) 'paved road'; weall 'wall' from Latin vallum; cycene 'kitchen' from Latin coquina; myln 'mill' from Latin molīnum; pipor 'pepper' irom Latin piper; wīn "wine' from Latin vīnum.

of names of cities, which were camps in the Roman

epoch: Chester, Manchester, Winchester, Worcester, Leicester; Latin colonia has been preserved in the place names Lincoln, Colchester; Latin portus 'port' in Portsmouth, Bridport, Latin strata in Stratford; Latin fossa 'moat' in Fosstway, Fosbroke.

indirectly belong to the sphere of religion and church. When

Christianity was introduced in England , the Latin language came to be used as language of the church. At this time a certain number of Latin words were taken over into English: biscop 'bishop' from Latin episcopus, Greek episkopos; cleric 'church man' from Latin clericus, Greek klērikós; apostol 'apostle' from Latin apostolus, Greek apóstolos; deofol 'devil' from Latin diabolus, Greek diábolos; mæsse 'mass' from Latin missa; munuc 'monk' from Latin monachus, Greek monachós; māʒister 'teacher' from Latin magister; scrifan 'prescribe' from Latin scribere. Some Latin loan-words yielded derivatives: biscophād 'bishopric', biscepunʒ 'becoming a bishop', scrift 'shrift'.

thus, the substantive ēastron, which originally denoted a heathen spring

holiday, acquired the meaning 'Easter'. Some new terms were created on the pattern of Latin words, e.g. ʒōdspell 'gospel' (literally 'good news'), prēnes 'Trinity'.

vocabulary. Among Celtic loan-words we may mention dūn (MnE down)

'dune', dun 'dun', binn 'bin'.

amhuin 'river' in Avon, Evan; Gaelic cothair 'fortress' in Carnarvon;

Gaelic uisge 'water' in Exe, Usk, Esk; dun, dum 'hill' in Dumbarton, Dumfries, Dunedin; llan 'church' in Llandaff, Llandovery, Llandudno; coil 'forest' in Kilbrook, Killiemore; kil 'church' in Kilbride, Kilmacolm; Ceann 'cape' in Kebadre, Kingussie; inis 'island' in Innisfail; inbher 'mountain' in Inverness, Inverurie; bail 'house' in Ballantrae, Ballyshannon.

very insignificant, as compared with later periods.