PHYLOGENETIC DISORDERS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (MEDICAL BIOLOGY)

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TEACHER: ANNA ZHUKOVA MAM

SYNDROME
LOBAR EMPHYSEMA
SURFECTANT METABOLISM DISORDER
AZYGOS LOBE
CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNEA
LARYNGEAL-TRACHEO-OESOPHAGAL CLEFT

that extends across the laryngeal lumen close to the level

of the vocal cords.
Laryngeal web is a congenital condition where there is failure of resorption of tissue between the vocal folds, causing varying degrees of airway obstruction. The condition may present at birth or in infancy with respiratory distress, stridor, and an unusual, weak, or absent cry. If obstruction is severe, it can be life-threatening and require immediate tracheotomy after birth. Milder cases may present later in life with hoarseness, stridor, wheezing, or dyspnea.
The condition sometimes occurs with associated congenital anomalies of the respiratory tract or cardiac defects. It can also result from injury due to trauma, intubation, or surgical procedure. Laryngeal webs may be treated with dissection or laser surgery

infant's lungs become irritated and do not develop normally. It

occurs most often in low-weight infants born more than two months early. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is also known as: Chronic lung disease of premature babies

a newborn baby may have when: There are no other

causes, and. The baby has passed meconium (stool) into the amniotic fluid during labor or delivery.
Rapid or labored breathing.
Retractions, or pulling in of the chest wall.
Grunting sounds with breathing.
Bluish skin color, called cyanosis.

can enter the lungs but cannot escape, causing overinflation (hyperinflation)

of the lobes of the lung. It is most often detected in newborns or young infants, but some cases do not become apparent until adulthood

problems. This condition results from abnormalities in the composition or

function of surfactant, a mixture of certain fats (called phospholipids) and proteins that lines the lung tissue and makes breathing easy. Without normal surfactant, the tissue surrounding the air sacs in the lungs (the alveoli) sticks together (because of a force called surface tension) after exhalation, causing the alveoli to collapse. As a result, filling the lungs with air on each breath becomes very difficult, and the delivery of oxygen to the body is impaired.

azygos vein creates a deep pleural fissure into the apical

segment of the right upper lobe during embryological development. It is a normal anatomic variant of the right upper lobe due to the invagination of the azygos vein and pleura during development in the fetus.

the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen, fails

to close during prenatal development. This opening allows contents of the abdomen (stomach, intestines and/or liver) to migrate into the chest, impacting the growth and development of the lungs.

which there is a gap between the upper airway passage

(larynx and possibly trachea) and the food passage (esophagus). In normal development, the airway and esophagus come from a common tube called the foregut. Early in embryologic development, the airway separates from the esophagus with the formation of the tracheoesophageal septum.