Simile

likeness in dissimilar objects. The difference is between implicit imagery

and explicit imagery, between image by analogy and image by identification in case of metaphor.

two diverse processes. Comparison means weighing two objects belonging to

one class of things with the purpose of establishing the degree of their sameness or difference.

(Ordinary comparison).


Maidens, like moths, are ever caught by glare.

(Byron) (Simile).

as if, as though, as… as”; sometimes the comparison is

expressed by verbs: to seem, to remind of, to resemble; by degrees of comparison (-er).

into their component parts:

The tenor – the theme we are

talking about
The vehicle – that to which the tenor is compared
The ground – the common feature of the two

(G (the ground) - heaviness, weight)

that must be decided by the reader. So are the

subtle inner relations between the parts of an utterance and between the utterances themselves.

смысле термин «образ» означает отражение внешнего мира в сознании. Специфика

художественного образа состоит в том, что, давая человеку новое познание мира, он одновременно передает и определенное отношение к отражаемому.
Значение образа осуществляется в неразрывной связи со свойствами выражающего его слова или слов. В отличие от слова образ всегда отличается экспрессивностью, а часто эмоциональностью и оценочностью

there must be something striking, unexpected in every image; it

must produce a surprise effect. British linguists call it disparity action (неравенство, несоответствие, несоразмерность).
e.g. A professor must have a theory as a dog must have fleas.

of a metaphor is a certain semantic distance between the

tenor and the vehicle because if they are too close the perspective of double vision may be ruined. In metaphor we deal with a blending of two meanings into one as if two transparent planes are matched and one is seen through the other.
3. Ambiguity (двусмысленность, неопределенность). Metaphor must be capable of rendering more than one interpretation.

express the inexpressible.
To clear up the meaning, to make the

narrative concrete and definite, visual.
To reveal certain, to convey certain feelings about what is being described.

word or phrase, and extended, developed in various ways. The

writer may add new and new details to the vehicle discovering the analogy with the tenor in more than one point making all kinds of variations on the theme.
Simile and Metaphor may be realized on a supersentence level within a passage, sometimes within the whole book.
e.g. John Updike “Centaur” /’sento:/

which are logically connected. There is a central image and

contributory images.
e.g. He behaved like a lion, and roared and jumped and ate his rivals.
(a lion – central image; roared, jumped, ate – contributory images).

the name of some object or idea is substituted for

another to which it has some permanent objectively existing relations. Metonymy may be based on different relations between the object implied and the object named.

object implied may be different:
1. The relation between an

object and the material of which it is made:
e.g. I am fond of glass (хрусталь).
I am fond of China (фарфор).
2. The relation between the instrument and the action it performs:
e.g. The pen (metonymy) is stronger than the sword (direct meaning).
3. The relation between the symbol and the phenomenon it symbolizes:
e.g. Grey hair should be respected.

possesses:
e.g. “Blue suit grinned, might even have

winked. But big nose in grey suit still stared – and he had small angry eyes and didn’t even smile.” (J.B. Priestly)
5. The relation between the whole and the part, between the individual and the class, between the container and the thing it contains:
e.g. The hall applauded. I want to have a word with you (the relation between the singular and the plural). He drank a cup.
6. The relation between the abstract and the concrete:
e.g. Where did this beauty come from?

значения с одного явления на другое по признаку количественного отношения

между ними: употребление названия целого вместо названия части, общего вместо частного и наоборот: Начальство осталось довольною (вместо начальник). Взыскательный покупатель (вместо покупатели).

whole or vice versa. In case of synecdoche the relations

between the two things associated are quantitative (individual for a class, singular for plural, an indefinite number for a definite one). Due to synecdoche the utterance becomes energetic, vivid and a high degree of generalization is achieved.
e.g. Hands wanted (instead of workers). All hands on deck (sailors).