Слайд 2WHAT IS STRESS?
Production: speaker’s use of a more muscular
energy used than in unstressed syllable.
Perception: Stressed syllable are more
prominence than unstressed one(s), typically characterized as having:
Louder sound
Longer sound
Higher pitch
Different quality
Слайд 3LEVEL OF STRESS
Unstressed: having no recognizable amount of prominence.
Primary stress
(‘): Stress which has the most prominence.
Secondary stress (,): Stronger
than unstressed but weaker than the primary sterss.
Identify three of them on the following words:
Pronunciation Photographic
Слайд 5PLACEMENT OF STRESS
Which syllables do we stress?
Generally, stress rules can
depend on:
The grammatical category
(abstract, conduct, export, present)
The number of syllables
The
phonological structure
Whether it’s a simple or complex word
Слайд 6THE PHONOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
Strong syllable
A rhyme which either has a
syllable nucleus which is a long vowel or diphthong, or
a vowel followed by more than one coda. A strong syllable is stressed.
Weak syllable
A rhyme which has a syllable nucleus which is a short vowel and no coda or the syllable nucleus is the schwa vowel.
A weak syllable is not stressed.
Exception:
Honest, Perfect.
Слайд 7WHAT IS COMPLEX WORDS?
Words composed more than one grammatical unit
Example:
carelessness
Two types of complex words:
a. words made by basic
words (stem)
by adding affixes (prefix or suffix)
(prefix) un + (stem) pleasant
(stem) good + (suffix) nesss
b. compound words
Слайд 8AFFIX
receiving primary stress
semicircle, personality.
stress on the stem
untidy, marketing
stress shifted
to different syllable
magnet > magnetic
Слайд 9SUFFIXES CARRYING STRESS
-ee : refugee, evacuee
-eer: mountainer, volunteer
-ese: Portuguese, journalese,
Japanese.
Слайд 10SUFFIXES NOT AFFECTING STRESS PLACEMENT
-able: comfortable
-age: anchorage
-al: refusal
-ful: wonderful
-like: birdlike
-less:
powerless
-ly: hurriedly
-ness: happiness
-ous: poisonous
-fy: glorify
Слайд 11SUFFIXES THAT INFLUENCE STESS IN STEM
-ous : advantageous
-graphy: photography
-ial: proverbial
-ic:
climatic
-ion: perfection
-ty: tranquility
-ive: reflexive
Слайд 12COMPOUND WORDS
Words that are characterized as having two independent words.
Armchair, open-minded, desk lamp.
Normally on the first word:
typewriter, sunrise,
car ferry, suitcase, teacup.
Adjectival first element:
bad-tempered, ugly-looking, half-timbered, heavy-handed. (with secondary stress being the first word)
First element as number:
second-class, three-wheeler, five-finger.
Functioning as adverbs:
down stream, head first, North-East.
Functioning as verbs:
downgrade, ill-treat, back-pedal.
Слайд 13VARIABLE STRESS
Not all stress pattern is fixed, either because of
other words occurring next to the word in question or
because not all speakers agree on the placement of stress.
A final stressed compounds tend to move to the preceding syllables:
bad-tempered and a bad-tempered person
heavy-handed and a heavy-handed sentece
Disagreement among speakers:
Controversy, ice cream, kilometer, formidable.
Слайд 14THE ODD ONE OUT?
English, Short, Sleep, Observe.
Permit, Subject, Eject, Contrast.
Otherwise,
Chinese, Refugee, Volunteer.
Controversy, kilometer, formidable, language.
Tranquility, perfection, advantageous, poisonous.
Cost-effective,
suitcase, teacup, Ill-tempered.
