Discourse. Discourse Analysis

a language above as well as below the sentence.
Its

segments of language which may be bigger or smaller than a single sentence but the adduced (представленное) meaning is always beyond the sentence.
The term discourse applies to both spoken and written language, in fact to any sample of language used for any purpose.

It occurs sometimes very broad in meanings.
Originally the word

'discourse' comes from Latin 'discursus' which denoted 'conversation, speech'.
However, discourse refers to too wide an area of human existence.
The study of discourse has developed in a variety of disciplines-sociolinguistics, anthropology, sociology, and social psychology.
Therefore only discourse from the point of linguistics, and especially applied linguistics is explained in this course.

linguists to the use of the term discourse.
Some scholars

use it in reference to texts.
But at the same time others claim it denotes speech which is illustrated by the following definition:
"Discourse: A continuous stretch (especially spoken) language larger than a sentence, often constituting a coherent unit such as a sermon (проповедь, поучение, нотация), argument, joke, or narrative" (Crystal David, 1992. An encyclopedic dictionary of language and languages. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992, 428 pp. )

between kinds of discourses indicate the unity of communicative intentions

as a vital element of each of them.
Consequently they suggests using terms 'text' and 'discourse' almost interchangeably.
According to Cook (1990:7) novels, as well as short conversations might be equally rightfully named discourses. (Cook, G. Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.)

to language that has been produced as the result of

an act of communication.” (Maniruzzaman, M. 2006. Introduction to Linguistics.).
In additional terms, discourse locates for a stretch of language with the intention of unity, meaningfulness, and purposefulnes, such as- conversations, interviews, compositions.

clause (простое предложение)
a continuous stretch of spoken language larger than

a sentence, often constituting a coherent unit
a stretch of language perceived to be meaningful unified, and purposive;
language in use (viewed) as social practice determined by social structures

of discourse




Structural or textual definition of discourse:
Discourse is a particular

unit of language (above the sentence).
Functional definition of discourse: Discourse is a particular focus of language use.

which looks like a sentence but doesn’t mean anything
e.g. Colourless

green ideas sleep furiously (бешено, яростно, неистово; порывисто, бурно)
… but on the other hand the units in which people speak do not always look like sentences.
e.g. You can run a hou- whatcha- now whatcha you can run a house-you can run a house a- and do the job, which is important, y’ can’t y- a man can’t do it himself, and a woman can’t do it himself w- if y’ want it to be successful. In most cases.

How do you analyse something which is not a
sentence?

function (opens a contact)
Emotive function (conveys the need of the

speaker)
Conative function (asks something of the addressee)
Referential function (makes reference to the world outside the language)
PROBLEM:
Discourse analysis may turn into a more general and broader analysis of language functions.

written and spoken
Discourse
Speaker/ writer
Hearer/ reader
Context

texts can be:
- written texts
- oral texts (‘speech’/’talk’)
- mixed written/oral

texts (e.g. Internet chat)
Discourse does not depend on the size of a text
(“P” and “Ladies” can both be analysed as
discourse)

ссылка), ways of talking, references and so on, which constitute

an object

A to-and-fro (туда и сюда, взад и вперёд; из стороны в сторону, в разные стороны) of exchanges in talk (or text) that performs social actions

Harris.
In 1952, he investigated the connectedness of sentences, naming

his study ‘discourse analysis.’
Harris claimed explicitly that discourse is the next level in a hierarchy of morphemes, clauses and sentences.
He viewed discourse analysis procedurally as a formal methodology, derived from structural methods of linguistic analysis:
such a methodology could break a text down into relationships (such as equivalence, substitution) among its lower-level constituents.

spoken language and sentences in written language constitute larger units

of language that is meaningful, unified, and purposeful.
Discourse analysis concerns many things:
The impact of the selection of grammatical items, like- verbs, tenses, determiners on the structure of the discourse.
The relationship between utterances or sentences in the discourse.

Such as- speech act theory, interactional sociolinguistics, and ethnography

of communication, pragmatics, conversational analysis, and variation analysis.
Although each approach emphasizes different aspects of language use, they all view language as social interaction.

of a speech community.
It involves looking at both language

form and language functions. It includes the study of both spoken interaction and written texts.

which exists on its own. It is influenced by other

disciplines and influences them as well. It is a two-way process …
For this reason discourse analysis examines spoken and written texts from all sorts of different areas (medical, legal, advertising) and from all sorts of perspectives (race, gender, power)
Discourse analysis has a number of practical applications - for example in analysing communication problems in medicine, psychotherapy, education, in analysing written style etc.

major approaches to
discourse:
the speech act approach;
interactional sociolinguistics;
the ethnography of

communication;
pragmatic approach;
conversation analysis;
variationist approach.