физиология НС

Содержание

1. физиология НС
2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Glial CellsFigure 9.1
5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.CNS: Physical SupportFigure 9.2a
8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.CNS: Physical SupportFigure 9.2b
9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Figure 9.3cCerebral Spinal Fluid
11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Blood-Brain BarrierFigure 9.4b
17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.CNS: Gray and White MatterFigure 9.5a
18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.CNS: Gray and White MatterFigure 9.5b–c
20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Spinal CordFigure 9.6
22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.DermatomeFigure 9.7
24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Spinal Cord: Cross SectionFigure 9.8
26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Spinal Cord: TractsFigure 9.9
27. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Spinal Cord: Ascending TractsFigure 9.10a
28. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Spinal Cord: Descending TractsFigure 9.10b
29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.BrainFigure 9.11a–b
30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
31. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
32. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Topographical Organization: MotorFigure 9.15b
33. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Topographical Organization: SensoryFigure 9.15a
34. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.The Limbic SystemFigure 9.17
35. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Functions of Limbic SystemLearningEmotionsBehavior
36. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.ReflexesAutomatic patterned response to a stimulus
37. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Classes of ReflexesTable 9.3
38. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Reflex ArcFigure 9.18
39. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Stretch ReflexFigure 9.19
40. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Withdrawal and Crossed-Extensor ReflexesFigure 9.20
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Central Nervous SystemCNS: brain and spinal cordNecessary for the maintenance of homeostasisContains 1011 neuronsContains 1014 synapsesResponsible for everything we perceive, do, feel,

Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 1The Nervous System: Central Nervous System

Слайд 2Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Central

Nervous System
CNS: brain and spinal cord
Necessary for the maintenance of

homeostasis
Contains 1011 neurons
Contains 1014 synapses
Responsible for everything we perceive, do, feel, and think

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Central Nervous SystemCNS: brain and spinal cordNecessary for

Слайд 3Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Glial

Cells
90% of CNS composed of glia
Five types of glial cells
Astrocyte—numerous

functions
Ependymal cells—line cavities
Microglia—phagocytes
Oligodendrocytes—form myelin
Schwann cells (located in PNS)—form myelin

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Glial Cells90% of CNS composed of gliaFive types

Слайд 4Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Glial

Cells
Figure 9.1

Слайд 5Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Astrocytes
Development

of neural connections
Possibly modulate synaptic activity
Remove neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft
Communicate

to neurons through chemical messengers
Maintain normal electrolyte composition of ISF in CNS
Protect neurons against toxic substances and oxidative stress

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.AstrocytesDevelopment of neural connectionsPossibly modulate synaptic activityRemove neurotransmitter

Слайд 6Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Microglia
Protect

CNS from foreign matter through phagocytosis
Bacteria
Dead or injured cells
Protect CNS

from oxidative stress

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.MicrogliaProtect CNS from foreign matter through phagocytosisBacteriaDead or

Слайд 7Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
CNS:

Physical Support
Figure 9.2a

Слайд 8Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
CNS:

Physical Support
Figure 9.2b

Слайд 9Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Cerebrospinal

Fluid (CSF)
Extracellular fluid of the CNS
Secreted by ependymal cells of

the choroid plexus
Circulates to subarachnoid space and ventricles
Reabsorbed by arachnoid villi
Functions
Cushions brain
Maintains stable interstitial fluid environment

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Extracellular fluid of the CNSSecreted by

Слайд 10Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure

9.3c
Cerebral Spinal Fluid

Слайд 11Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
CSF

Production
Total volume of CSF = 125–150 mL
Choroid plexus produces 400–500

mL/day
Recycled three times a day

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.CSF ProductionTotal volume of CSF = 125–150 mLChoroid

Слайд 12Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Blood

Supply to the CNS
CNS comprises 2% of body weight (3–4

pounds)
Receives 15% of blood supply
High metabolic rate
Brain uses 20% of oxygen consumed by body at rest
Brain uses 50% of glucose consumed by body at rest
Depends on blood flow for energy

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Blood Supply to the CNSCNS comprises 2% of

Слайд 13Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
High

Demand for Blood
Depends on aerobic glycolysis
Requires glucose and oxygen
No glycogen

stores
Fatty acids not used for energy
Ketones used during extreme conditions

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.High Demand for BloodDepends on aerobic glycolysisRequires glucose

Слайд 14Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Stroke
Caused

by decreased blood supply
Occlusion of cerebral blood vessel
Hemorrhage from cerebral

blood vessel

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.StrokeCaused by decreased blood supplyOcclusion of cerebral blood

Слайд 15Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Blood-Brain

Barrier
Capillaries
Sites of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
Blood-brain barrier
Special anatomy

of CNS capillaries which limit exchange

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Blood-Brain BarrierCapillariesSites of exchange between blood and interstitial

Слайд 16Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Blood-Brain

Barrier
Figure 9.4b

Слайд 17Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
CNS:

Gray and White Matter
Figure 9.5a

Слайд 18Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
White

Matter in Brain
Projection fibers
Cerebral cortex with lower levels of brain

or spinal cord
Association fibers
Connect two areas of cerebral cortex on same side of brain
Commissural fibers
Connect same cortical regions on two sides of brain
Corpus callosum
Primary location of commissural fibers

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.White Matter in BrainProjection fibersCerebral cortex with lower

Слайд 19Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
CNS:

Gray and White Matter
Figure 9.5b–c

Слайд 20Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
II.

Spinal Cord
Cylinder of nerve tissue
Continuous with brain
Surrounded by vertebral column
Origin

of spinal nerves (31 pairs)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.II. Spinal CordCylinder of nerve tissueContinuous with brainSurrounded

Слайд 21Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Spinal

Cord
Figure 9.6

Слайд 22Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Dermatome
Sensory

region of skin
Each served by spinal nerve

Слайд 23Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Dermatome
Figure

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.DermatomeFigure 9.7

Слайд 24Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Spinal

Cord and Spinal Nerves
Gray matter: functional halves
Dorsal: sensory functions
Ventral: motor

functions
Spinal nerves are mixed
White matter forms tracts
Ascending
Descending

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Spinal Cord and Spinal NervesGray matter: functional halvesDorsal:

Слайд 25Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Spinal

Cord: Cross Section
Figure 9.8

Слайд 26Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Spinal

Cord: Tracts
Figure 9.9

Слайд 27Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Spinal

Cord: Ascending Tracts
Figure 9.10a

Слайд 28Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Spinal

Cord: Descending Tracts
Figure 9.10b

Слайд 29Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Brain
Figure

9.11a–b

Слайд 30Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure

9.11c

Midbrain
Spinal cord
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Forebrain
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Brainstem
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Corpus
callosum
(c)
Midsagittal section
Brain: Midsagittal View

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Figure 9.11cMidbrainSpinal cordPonsMedulla oblongataForebrainCerebrumThalamusHypothalamusPituitary glandBrainstemDiencephalonCerebellumCorpus callosum(c)Midsagittal sectionBrain: Midsagittal

cortex
(coordinates
voluntary
movements)
Primary somatosensory
cortex (somesthetic sensations
and proprioception)
Sensory association
areas (integration of
sensory information)
Primary motor

cortex
(voluntary movement)

Central sulcus

Prefrontal
association
areas (idea and
plan for voluntary
movement, thoughts,
personality)

Broca’s area
(speech formation)

Limbic association
cortex (emotions,
learning, and memory)

Olfactory cortex
(smell)

Visual association
areas (higher vision
processing)

Wernicke’s area
(language
comprehension)

Auditory
association
areas

Primary auditory
cortex (hearing)

Primary visual cortex
(vision)

Functional Areas of Cerebrum

Figure 9.14

Functional Areas of Cerebrum

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Premotor cortex(coordinatesvoluntarymovements)Primary somatosensorycortex (somesthetic sensationsand proprioception)Sensory associationareas (integration

Organization: Motor
Figure 9.15b

Organization: Sensory
Figure 9.15a

Limbic System
Figure 9.17

of Limbic System
Learning
Emotions
Behavior

patterned response to a stimulus

of Reflexes
Table 9.3

Arc
Figure 9.18

Reflex
Figure 9.19

and Crossed-Extensor Reflexes
Figure 9.20

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физиология НС

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Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 1The Nervous System: Central Nervous System

Слайд 2Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Central

Nervous SystemCNS: brain and spinal cordNecessary for the maintenance of

Слайд 3Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Glial

Cells90% of CNS composed of gliaFive types of glial cellsAstrocyte—numerous

Слайд 4Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Glial

CellsFigure 9.1

Слайд 5Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.AstrocytesDevelopment

of neural connectionsPossibly modulate synaptic activityRemove neurotransmitter from synaptic cleftCommunicate

Слайд 6Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.MicrogliaProtect

CNS from foreign matter through phagocytosisBacteriaDead or injured cellsProtect CNS

Слайд 7Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.CNS:

Physical SupportFigure 9.2a

Слайд 8Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.CNS:

Physical SupportFigure 9.2b

Слайд 9Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Cerebrospinal

Fluid (CSF)Extracellular fluid of the CNSSecreted by ependymal cells of

Слайд 10Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Figure

9.3cCerebral Spinal Fluid

Слайд 11Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.CSF

ProductionTotal volume of CSF = 125–150 mLChoroid plexus produces 400–500

Слайд 12Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Blood

Supply to the CNSCNS comprises 2% of body weight (3–4

Слайд 13Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.High

Demand for BloodDepends on aerobic glycolysisRequires glucose and oxygenNo glycogen

Слайд 14Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.StrokeCaused

by decreased blood supplyOcclusion of cerebral blood vesselHemorrhage from cerebral

Слайд 15Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Blood-Brain

BarrierCapillariesSites of exchange between blood and interstitial fluidBlood-brain barrierSpecial anatomy

Слайд 16Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Blood-Brain

BarrierFigure 9.4b

Слайд 17Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.CNS:

Gray and White MatterFigure 9.5a

Слайд 18Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.White

Matter in BrainProjection fibersCerebral cortex with lower levels of brain

Слайд 19Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.CNS:

Gray and White MatterFigure 9.5b–c

Слайд 20Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.II.

Spinal CordCylinder of nerve tissueContinuous with brainSurrounded by vertebral columnOrigin

Слайд 21Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Spinal

CordFigure 9.6

Слайд 22Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.DermatomeSensory

region of skinEach served by spinal nerve

Слайд 23Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.DermatomeFigure

Слайд 24Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Spinal

Cord and Spinal NervesGray matter: functional halvesDorsal: sensory functionsVentral: motor

Слайд 25Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Spinal

Cord: Cross SectionFigure 9.8

Слайд 26Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Spinal

Cord: TractsFigure 9.9

Слайд 27Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Spinal

Cord: Ascending TractsFigure 9.10a

Слайд 28Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Spinal

Cord: Descending TractsFigure 9.10b

Слайд 29Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.BrainFigure

9.11a–b

Слайд 30Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Figure

9.11cMidbrainSpinal cordPonsMedulla oblongataForebrainCerebrumThalamusHypothalamusPituitary glandBrainstemDiencephalonCerebellumCorpus callosum(c)Midsagittal sectionBrain: Midsagittal View

Слайд 31Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Premotor

cortex(coordinatesvoluntarymovements)Primary somatosensorycortex (somesthetic sensationsand proprioception)Sensory associationareas (integration ofsensory information)Primary motor

Слайд 32Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Topographical

Organization: MotorFigure 9.15b

Слайд 33Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Topographical

Organization: SensoryFigure 9.15a

Слайд 34Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.The

Limbic SystemFigure 9.17

Слайд 35Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.Functions

of Limbic SystemLearningEmotionsBehavior

Слайд 36Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.ReflexesAutomatic