l ecturer of life safety discipline postgraduate student at the Department of

“Road transport” of Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University
Contacts:
603950, Russia, Nizhny

Novgorod, Minin st., 24, of.1161
phone: +7 905 668 11 98 e-mail: kuzmin1anton@mail.ru

Anton N KUZMIN

subject of study
Part II. Electrical safety
Part III. Oil &

gas safety
Part IV. Fire safety
Part V. Information technologies in safety
Part VI. Lean Management 5S-system
Part VII. Personal protective equipment and safe condition signs
Part VIII. First aid and injuries

Life safety
discipline

weight) and occupies space. This definition should be broad enough

to cover all physical objects in the universe.
Wood, water, iron, and paper are some examples of matter. Energy is closely related to, but not to be confused with, matter.
Energy does not have mass, and it does not occupy space. Heat and light are examples of energy.

Life safety

2. Electrical safety

an original substance was thought to be a unit called

the atom. Recently scientists have found particles even smaller than atoms, but our theories are still based on the atom.
The atom consists of a nucleus and a cloud of electrons.
It is generally agreed that the electrons are small particles of electricity, which are negative in nature.

Life safety

electrons. It is the movement of these particles which produces

the effects of heat and light. These particles orbit the nucleus in much the same fashion that planets orbit a sun.
Accepted atomic theory states that all matter is electrical in structure.
Any object is largely composed of a combination of positive and negative particles of electricity.

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2. Electrical safety

important in the study of electrical safety.
The wire and

the electric source together form an electric circuit, the electrons are drifting around it as long as the conducting path is maintained.
The potential difference must be maintained by some electric source such as electrostatic generator or a battery or a direct current generator.

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2. Electrical safety

a circuit per second of time.
The unit of measure

for current is ampere. If one coulomb passes a point in a circuit per second then the current strength is 1 ampere.
The symbol for current is “I”.
The current which flows along wires consists of moving electrons. The electrons move along the circuit because the electromotive force drives them.

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2. Electrical safety

can flow through liquids as well and even through gases.

In both cases it produces some most important effects to meet industrial requirements.
Some liquids, such as melted metals for example, conduct current without any change to themselves. Others, called electrolytes, are found to change greatly when the current passes through them.

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2. Electrical safety

closed, series, parallel and short circuits.
The path along which

the electrons travel must be complete otherwise no electric power can be supplied from the source to the load. Thus the circuit is “closed” when an electric device is switched on.
If the circuit is broken or “opened” anywhere, the current is known to stop everywhere. The circuit is broken when an electric device is switched off.

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from one device to another (“to be connected in series”).

Under such conditions the current flow is the same in all parts of the circuit as there is only a single path along which it may flow.
The “parallel” circuit provides two or more paths for the passage of current. The circuit is divided in such a way that part of the current flows through one path and part through another. The lamps in the houses are connected in parallel.

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to the source of supply without control. The short circuits

often result from cable fault or wire fault.
Under certain conditions the short circuit may cause fire because the current flows where it was not supposed to flow. If the current flow is too great a fuse is used as a safety device to stop the current flow.

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is known to be d.c., that is, direct current.
The

simplest source of power for the direct current is a battery, for a battery pushes the electrons in the same direction all the time (i.e., from the negatively charged terminal to the positively charged terminal).

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consideration flows first in one direction and then in the

opposite one.
The a.c. used for power and lighting purposes is assumed to go through 50 cycles in one second.
One of the great advantages of a.c. is the ease with which power at low voltage can be changed into an almost similar amount of power at high voltage and vice versa.

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2. Electrical safety

is necessary for long-distance transmission and, on the other hand,

one can decrease it to meet industrial requirements as well as to operate various devices at home.
Although there are numerous cases when d.c. is required, at least 90% percent of electrical energy to be generated at present is a.c.
In fact, it finds wide application for lighting, heating, industrial, and some other purposes.

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forget that it is a form of power and may

be dangerous.
Many people have had strong shocks from the electric wires in a house.
The wires seldom carry current at a higher voltage than 220V, and a person who touches a bare wire or terminal may suffer no harm if the skin is dry.

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Water is known to be a good conductor of electricity

and provides an easy path for the current from the wire to the body.
One of the main wires carrying the current is connected to earth, and if a person touches the other one with a wet hand, a heavy current will flow through his body to earth and so to the others. The body forms part of an electric circuit.

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2. Electrical safety

it is best to wear rubber gloves. Rubber is a

good insulator and will not let the current pass to the skin.
If no rubber gloves can be found in the house, dry cloth gloves are better than nothing.
Never touch a bare wire with the wet hand, and never, in any situation, touch a water pipe and an electric wire at the same time.

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2. Electrical safety

developed stringent requirements for electrical products that are sold world-wide.

In most markets it is mandatory for a product to conform to safety standards.
To conform to such standards, the product must pass safety tests such as the High Voltage Test, Insulation Resistance Test, Ground (Earth) Bond & Ground Continuity Test.
These tests are described in IEC 60335, IEC 61010 and many other national and international standards.

the Science Guy – Electricity”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gixkpsrxk4Y.

24, of.1161
phone: +7 905 668 11 98 e-mail: kuzmin1anton@mail.ru
Anton

N KUZMIN