Ministry education and Science of Republic of Kazakhstan Karaganda State

named after academician Ye.A. Buketov

Biological and geographical faculty

Botany Department

Course – Botany
Specialty - 5В011300 – «Biology»

Lecture № 8

Fruits and their classification. Spreading of fruits and seeds

(1 hour)

Lecturer: candidate of biological science, associated professor
Ishmuratova Margarita Yulaevna

seeds.
2 Morphology of fruits. Types of fruits.
3 Spreading of fruits

and seeds. Practical uses.

растений. – Минск: Новое знание, 2002. – 185 с.
2 Родман

А.С. Ботаника. – М.: Колос, 2001. - 328 с.

Additional literatures:
1 Ишмуратова М.Ю. Ботаника. Учебно-методическое пособие. - Караганда: РИО Болашак-Баспа, 2015. - 331 с.
2 Тусупбекова Г.Т. Основы естествознания. Ч. 1. Ботаника. – Астана: Фолиант, 2013. – 321 с.
3 Байтулин И.О. Основы ризологии. - Алматы: Гылым, 2001. – 210 с.

inflorescence. The origins of the fruit coat and the pericarp

which is comprised of the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp, are mostly from the wall of the pistil.

from a single pistil (like cherry, Prunus). Multiple fruits are

formed from many pistils of the same flower (strawberry, Fragaria). A compound fruit (infructescense) would be a pineapple (Ananas) or fig (Ficus) which comes from multiple flowers (inflorescence).
Fruits can be dry or fleshy. An example of dry fruit is a nut like peanut (Arachis) or walnut (Juglans). Examples of fleshy fruits include apples (Malus) or oranges (Citrus). (like papaya, Carica) will not open and will be dispersal units (diaspores) themselves. Schizocarp fruits (like in spurge, Euphorbia or maple, Acer) are in between: they do not open but break into several parts, and each of them contains seed inside. In addition, simple fruits could be monomerous (1-seeded) like nut or achene (sunflower, Helianthus), or bear multiple seeds (like follicle in tulip, Tulipa).

Б – seeds with endosperm, which is located near by embryo

(wheat); В – seeds with small endosperm and big perisperm (pepper); Г – seeds with perisperm (Agrostemma); Д – seeds with nutrition compound inside cotyledons (bean); 1 – seed cover; 2 – endosperm; 3 – embryo root; 4 – embryo stalk; 5 – embryo bud; 6 – cotyledons; 7 – endocarp; 8 – prisperm

4 – storage starch (3–4 – endosperm); 5 – corymb; 6 – epiblast; 7 – embryo bud with

leaves; 8 – coleoptiles; 9 – embryo root; 10 – coleorhizae

4 – seed raphe; 5 – seed coat; 6 – embryo bud; 7 – embryo stalk; 8 –

cotyledons

first way is realized without using of external agents; the

second way – by using different external factors: wind, water, animals and human.
The first way is caled autochoria (from Greek «autos» - self, «choreo» - spreading, going), second method - allochoria (from Greek word «allos» - another). So, these plants are called autochores and allochores.

(from Greek word «anemos» – wind), zoochoria («zoon» – animal),

hydrochoria («hydro» – water) and antropochoria («antropos» – human). The most wide group of plants with anemochria. So, units of spreading, seeds or whole fruits are spreaded by wind.

of flowers and fruits?
2 Which signs belong higher plants to

leading positions in world?
3 How do produce simple and compound fruits?
4 Note the differences between seeds of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.
5 Make a classification of fruits and seeds.
6 Prepare the scheme of seed of bean and wheat.
7 Why did zoochoria appear after anemochoria?

Е) cherry
F) banana
 
Type of spreading of seeds and fruits by

using of insects:
А) antropochoria
В) zoochoria
С) hydrochoria
Д) entomochoria
Е) anemochoria