S.SEIFULLIN KAZAKH AGRO TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY (2708)

of Science Lecturer: Ainur Abdina - Doctor of philosophical sciences, Associate

Professor of Department of Philosophy

Astana 2018

post-nonclassical stage of history and philosophy of science




The

purpose of the lecture: a critical analysis of the basic concepts of non-classical stage of scientific development

in the philosophy of science.

of falsification
The paradigm

of the German philosophy of the second half of XIX

- early XX centuries. The central slogan of the neo-Kantians was "Back to Kant!" Was formulated by Otto Liebmann in "Kant and imitators" (1865) in a crisis of philosophy and fashion of materialism.

Baden school (Freiburg, south-west), to focus on issues of values

​​and methodology of the humanities, and Marburg school, primarily engaged in logical and methodological issues of the natural sciences.

neo-Kantianism is associated with the names of Wilhelm Windelband (1948-1915)

and Rickert (1863-1939), which developed mainly issues related to the methodology of the humanities.

Marburg school, which for decades has become a center of

attraction for philosophers of different countries, created by Professor Hermann Cohen of the University of Marburg.

of the Marburg school was that all of the latest

discoveries in science and the nature of modern research activities are irrefutable evidence of an active constructive role of the human mind in all spheres of life. Mind, which is endowed with a man does not reflect the world, but, on the contrary, creates it.

The Course in Positive Philosophy, a series of texts published

between 1830 and 1842. These texts were followed by the 1844 work, A General View of Positivism (published in French 1848, English in 1865).

(3) the positive. The theological phase of man was based

on whole-hearted belief in all things with reference to God. Comte describes the metaphysical phase of humanity as the time since the Enlightenment, a time steeped in logical rationalism, to the time right after the French Revolution. The final stage of the trilogy of Comte's universal law is the scientific, or positive, stage. The central idea of this phase is that individual rights are more important than the rule of any one person.

of the development of science, the study of logic and

the growth of scientific knowledge. Its representatives are interested, first of all, the following questions: How does a new theory of how it is stated in the new community, what are the criteria for selection of competing scientific theories, etc.

the history of science), there is a desire to find

the universe - the foundation of the human mind through the history of science;
2) within the framework of post-positivism raises the question - what are the main factors of the development of science: internal or external?
3) postpositivists analyzes the dynamics rather than static science. If neopositivists raised the question of how to distinguish between philosophy and science, the postpositivists interested in the question of the real movement of science, what factors affect the science.

Logic of Scientific Discovery."
The basic concepts of

his conception of scientific knowledge are the following:
  problem of demarcation;
  principle of falsification;
  principle of fallibilism;
  theory of "three worlds".

main tasks of philosophy is to separate scientific knowledge from

unscientific. Method of demarcation, Popper, is the principle of falsification.
This principle requires falsifiability principle (falsifiability) any claim attributable to science.

only hypothetical and error-prone. The growth of scientific knowledge, Popper

is a nomination bold hypotheses and implementing their refutation.

of the philosophical concept of Karl Popper, asserting the existence

of the first world - the world of objects, the second world - the world of subjects and the third world - the world of objective knowledge that is generated by the first and second worlds, but exists independently of them. Analysis of the growth and development of knowledge in this independent third world and is, according to Popper, the subject of the philosophy of science.

Revolutions."
The most important concept of Kuhn's conception is the

notion of paradigm.
Paradigm is a set of scientific achievements recognized by the entire scientific community in a certain period of time.

by the belief in one paradigm. Become a member of

the scientific community can only accept and internalize its paradigm.
Science, developing within the framework of the modern paradigm, Kuhn calls "normal", believing that it is a state of science in the usual and most characteristic.

developed by scientists at the normal period of the development

of science, Kuhn calls them "puzzles". Until the puzzle-solving is successful, the paradigm serves as a reliable tool for learning.

scientists, and not amenable to solution.
If the means of the

existing paradigm of the problem can not be solved, Kuhn calls this problem an anomaly.
When anomalies becomes very much there is a crisis in science.

the new paradigm.
During the crisis is over when one of

the proposed hypotheses has proved its ability to cope with the existing problems. There is a change paradigm, which Kuhn calls and the scientific revolution.