Разделы презентаций


1 Electrolytes. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions презентация, доклад

Содержание

Name the compounds:CuSO4 NaOH HNO3 NH4NO3 Ca(OH)2 H2SiO3 H3BO3 KMnO4 Na[Al(OH)4] NaH2PO4 Na2HPO4PbI2 HNO2

Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 1 Electrolytes. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions


Electrolytes. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Слайд 2Name the compounds:
CuSO4 NaOH HNO3 NH4NO3

Ca(OH)2

H2SiO3 H3BO3 KMnO4

Na[Al(OH)4] NaH2PO4 Na2HPO4

PbI2 HNO2

Name the compounds:CuSO4 	 NaOH 	HNO3	 NH4NO3 		  Ca(OH)2	 H2SiO3 	H3BO3 		KMnO4 Na[Al(OH)4] 		NaH2PO4		 Na2HPO4PbI2		 HNO2

Слайд 3General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
Solution - a homogeneous mixture

Solute: the

component that is dissolved ‏
Solvent: the component that does the

dissolving
Generally, the component present in the greatest quantity is considered to be the solvent. Aqueous solutions are those in which water is the solvent.
General Properties of Aqueous SolutionsSolution - a homogeneous mixtureSolute: the component that is dissolved ‏Solvent: the component

Слайд 4Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
Electrolyte: substance that, when dissolved in water, produces

a solution that conducts electricity
Contains ions


Nonelectrolyte: substance that, when dissolved

in water, produces a solution that does not conduct electricity
Does not contain ions
Electrolytes and NonelectrolytesElectrolyte: substance that, when dissolved in water, produces a solution that conducts electricityContains ionsNonelectrolyte: substance

Слайд 5Dissociation - ionic compounds separate into constituent ions when dissolved

in solution

Ionization - formation of ions by molecular compounds

when dissolved

Arrhenius (1883))

Dissociation - ionic compounds separate into constituent ions when dissolved in solution Ionization - formation of ions

Слайд 6Hydration: process by which water molecules remove and surround individual

ions from the solid.

Hydration: process by which water molecules remove and surround individual ions from the solid.

Слайд 7 ACIDS
BASES
NaOH (s) → Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
MOH →

M+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
HCl (g) → H+ (aq) +

Cl- (aq)

HAc → H+ (aq) + Ac- (aq)

ionization

Acids and Bases

HCl (g) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

H+(aq) + H2O → H3O+(aq)

HCl (g) + H2O → H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

hydronium ion

ACIDSBASESNaOH (s) → Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)MOH → M+ (aq) + OH- (aq)HCl (g) →

Слайд 8Strong Electrolytes:
100% dissociation
All water soluble ionic compounds, strong acids

and strong bases
Conduct current very efficiently.

Weak electrolytes
Partially ionized in solution
Exist

mostly as the molecular form in solution
Weak acids and weak bases
Conduct only a small current.
Strong Electrolytes: 100% dissociationAll water soluble ionic compounds, strong acids and strong basesConduct current very efficiently.	Weak electrolytesPartially

Слайд 9Degree of dissociation
The fraction of total number of total number

of molecules of electrolytes dissolved, that ionizes at equilibrium is

known as degree of dissociation or degree of ionization.

Degree of dissociation (DOD) α=amount of substance of the reactant dissociated/amount of substance of the reactant present initially

In case of very strong acids and bases, degree of dissociation will be close to 1. Less powerful acids and bases will have lesser degree of dissociation.
Degree of dissociationThe fraction of total number of total number of molecules of electrolytes dissolved, that ionizes

Слайд 10Method to Distinguish Types of Electrolytes
nonelectrolyte
weak electrolyte
strong electrolyte

Method to Distinguish Types of Electrolytesnonelectrolyteweak electrolytestrong electrolyte

Слайд 12Examples of weak electrolytes

Weak acids
HC2H3O2(aq)

C2H3O2 (aq) + H+ (aq)‏

Weak bases

NH3 (aq) + H2O(l) NH4+ (aq) + OH (aq)

(Note: double arrows indicate a reaction that occurs in both directions - a state of dynamic equilibrium exists)

Classify the following as nonelectrolyte, weak electrolyte or strong electrolyte
H2SO4 CH3OH H2CO3


Examples of weak electrolytesWeak acids 					  HC2H3O2(aq)      C2H3O2 (aq) + H+

Слайд 13Precipitation Reactions
Precipitation (formation of a solid from two aqueous solutions)

occurs when product is insoluble
Produce insoluble ionic compounds
Double

replacement (or metathesis reaction)
Solubility is the maximum amount of a solid that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature
Prediction based on solubility rules
Precipitation ReactionsPrecipitation (formation of a solid from two aqueous solutions) occurs when product is insoluble Produce insoluble

Слайд 14Simple Rules for Solubility
Most nitrate (NO3) salts are soluble.

Most alkali

metals (group 1A) salts and NH4+ are soluble.

Most Cl, Br,

and I salts are soluble
(NOT Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+)

Most sulfate salts are soluble (
NOT BaSO4, PbSO4, HgSO4, CaSO4)

Most bases are only slightly soluble (NaOH, KOH are soluble, Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 are marginally soluble

6. Most S2, CO32, CrO42, PO43 salts are only slightly soluble.
Simple Rules for SolubilityMost nitrate (NO3) salts are soluble.Most alkali metals (group 1A) salts and NH4+ are

Слайд 15Identify the Precipitate
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaI(aq) 2NaNO3 +

PbI2

(s)
(aq)
(?)
(?)

Identify the PrecipitatePb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaI(aq) 2NaNO3    + PbI2   (s)(aq)(?) (?)

Слайд 16Mixing Solutions of Pb(NO3)2 and NaCl

Mixing Solutions of Pb(NO3)2 and NaCl

Слайд 17Molecular equation: shows all compounds represented by their chemical formulas



Ionic

equation: shows all strong electrolytes as ions and all other

substances (non- electrolytes, weak electrolytes, gases) by their chemical formulas

Molecular equation: shows all compounds represented by their chemical formulasIonic equation: shows all strong electrolytes as ions

Слайд 18



Net Ionic equation: shows only the reacting species in the

chemical equation
Eliminates spectator ions

Molecular equation:
Ionic equation:
Net ionic equation:

Net Ionic equation: shows only the reacting species in the chemical equationEliminates spectator ionsMolecular equation:Ionic equation:Net ionic

Слайд 19Steps in writing a net ionic equation
Write the balanced

molecular equation.
Predict products by exchanging cations and anions in reactants.
Separate

strong electrolytes into ions.
Cancel spectator ions.
Use the remaining species to write the net ionic equation.
Steps in writing a net ionic equation Write the balanced molecular equation.Predict products by exchanging cations and

Слайд 20Aqueous solutions of silver nitrate and sodium sulfate are mixed.

Write the net ionic reaction.
2AgNO3(aq)+Na2SO4(aq) 2NaNO3(?)+Ag2SO4(?)
All nitrates are soluble

but silver sulfate is insoluble.
2Ag+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + SO42(aq)
 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + Ag2SO4(s)
Cancel spectators.
2Ag+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + SO42(aq)

 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + Ag2SO4(s)
Write the net ionic reaction.
2Ag+(aq) + SO42(aq)  Ag2SO4(s)




Aqueous solutions of silver nitrate and sodium sulfate are mixed. Write the net ionic reaction. 2AgNO3(aq)+Na2SO4(aq) 2NaNO3(?)+Ag2SO4(?)All

Слайд 21Aqueous Reactions and Chemical Analysis
Types of quantitative analysis
Gravimetric analysis (mass

analysis)
Example: precipitation reaction
Volumetric analysis (volume analysis)
Example: titration

Aqueous Reactions and Chemical AnalysisTypes of quantitative analysisGravimetric analysis (mass analysis)Example: precipitation reaction Volumetric analysis (volume analysis)Example:

Слайд 22Gravimetric Analysis
One form: isolation of a precipitate
Typical steps:
Determine

mass of unknown solid
Dissolve unknown in water
Combine with excess

amount of known substance to form a precipitate (excess drives reaction to completion)
Filter, dry and weigh the precipitate
Use formula and mass of ppt to find % of ion in unknown solid
Gravimetric AnalysisOne form: isolation of a precipitate Typical steps: Determine mass of unknown solid Dissolve unknown in

Слайд 23A 0.825 g sample of an ionic compound
containing chloride ions

and an unknown
metal is dissolved in water and treated
with excess

silver nitrate. If 1.725 g of
AgCl precipitate forms, what is the
percent by mass of Cl in the original
sample?

A 0.825 g sample of an ionic compoundcontaining chloride ions and an unknownmetal is dissolved in water

Слайд 24Steps in solution:
Find the % of Cl in AgCl


Multiply the % of Cl by the mass of the

precipitate to obtain the Cl in the sample
Divide the mass of Cl in sample by total mass of sample (multiply by 100 for %)
Steps in solution: Find the % of Cl in AgCl Multiply the % of Cl by the

Слайд 26Volumetric analysis
Commonly accomplished by titration
Addition of a solution of

known concentration (standard solution) to another solution of unknown concentration.
Standardization

is the determination of the exact concentration of a solution.
Equivalence point represents completion of the reaction.
Endpoint is where the titration is stopped.
An indicator is used to signal the endpoint.
Volumetric analysisCommonly accomplished by titration Addition of a solution of known concentration (standard solution) to another solution

Слайд 27Apparatus for Titration

Apparatus for Titration

Слайд 28A student measured exactly 15.0 mL of
an unknown monoprotic

acidic solution
and placed in an Erlenmeyer flask. An indicator
was added

to the flask. At the end of the
titration the student had used 35.0 mL of 0.12 M
NaOH to neutralize the acid. Calculate the
molarity of the acid.
A student measured exactly 15.0 mL of an unknown monoprotic acidic solutionand placed in an Erlenmeyer flask.

Слайд 29Calculate the molarity of 25.0 mL of a
monoprotic acid

if it took 45.50 mL of 0.25 M
KOH to neutralize

the acid.
Calculate the molarity of 25.0 mL of a monoprotic acid if it took 45.50 mL of 0.25

Слайд 30Home task
Read and memorize:
Pp. 282-285, pp. 286-291

Write all the possible

equations in molecular and ionic forms:

CuSO4 → Cu(OH)2 → CuCl2

→ CuS → H2S → Na2S → Na2SO4 → BaSO4

Home taskRead and memorize:Pp. 282-285, pp. 286-291Write all the possible equations in molecular and ionic forms:CuSO4 →

Обратная связь

Если не удалось найти и скачать доклад-презентацию, Вы можете заказать его на нашем сайте. Мы постараемся найти нужный Вам материал и отправим по электронной почте. Не стесняйтесь обращаться к нам, если у вас возникли вопросы или пожелания:

Email: Нажмите что бы посмотреть 

Что такое TheSlide.ru?

Это сайт презентации, докладов, проектов в PowerPoint. Здесь удобно  хранить и делиться своими презентациями с другими пользователями.


Для правообладателей

Яндекс.Метрика