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50 Years of European Manichaeism презентация, доклад

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First published in the portalsAfroarticles, American Chronicle, andBuzzleon 25th of March 2007

Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 1By Prof. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis
50 Years of European Manichaeism

By Prof. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis50 Years of European Manichaeism

Слайд 3
First published in the portals
Afroarticles,
American Chronicle, and
Buzzle
on

25th of March 2007

First published in the portalsAfroarticles, American Chronicle, andBuzzleon 25th of March 2007

Слайд 4

What European politicians and statesmen, intellectuals and philosophers

have until now ceaselessly tried to exorcise with the most

ardent fervor is exactly what they have inherently and immutably been so far: Manichaean!
What European politicians and statesmen, intellectuals and philosophers have until now ceaselessly tried to exorcise

Слайд 5
Europe experienced in the past various forms of

union;
- Roman Empire,
- Western Roman Empire,
- Eastern

Roman Empire,
- Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, …
Europe experienced in the past various forms of union; - Roman Empire, - Western Roman

Слайд 6

- Ottoman Empire (at its zenith it

included territories belonging to no less than 20 European states

of today),
Empire of All the Russias,
Napoleonic France, …
… - Ottoman Empire (at its zenith it included territories belonging to no less than

Слайд 7

- Austrian Empire (and its offspring, Austria –

Hungary),
- Hitler’s Third Reich, and
- Soviet Union.

…- Austrian Empire (and its offspring, Austria – Hungary), - Hitler’s Third Reich, and -

Слайд 8
None of them attempted a peaceful expansion, nor

was this possible; all of them were
multi-national,
multi-linguistic,
multi-ethnic,


multicultural, and
multi-religious unions …
None of them attempted a peaceful expansion, nor was this possible; all of them were

Слайд 9
… whereby only
one culture,
one religion and


one language were supposed to be the unifying link;
because

of this, one at a time culture, religion, and language had to prevail detrimentally over all the rest.
… whereby only one culture, one religion and one language were supposed to be the

Слайд 10

The European Union comes as the last effort, and

contrarily to the previous ones, it is supposed to be

a peaceful union of countries that accept a certain democratic political system, …
The European Union comes as the last effort, and contrarily to the previous ones, it is

Слайд 11

… involving Human Rights,
protection of the Minorities,


the rule of Law, and
an extremely biased and utterly

disproportionate
liberal economic model (Copenhagen criteria).
… involving Human Rights, protection of the Minorities, the rule of Law, and an extremely

Слайд 12
The European lawmakers and statesmen underscore every now

and then
the transparence of their policies,
the commitment of

their political parties and groups to Humanism, …
The European lawmakers and statesmen underscore every now and then the transparence of their policies,

Слайд 13


… and their adhesion to diverse intellectual and ideological

movements that emanate from the Renaissance world.

… and their adhesion to diverse intellectual and ideological movements that emanate from the Renaissance world.

Слайд 14
Knowledge,
Truth,
Search for Truth,
Science,
Exploration,
Discovery,
Moral

Values accepted as Universal, ….

Knowledge, Truth, Search for Truth, Science, Exploration, Discovery, Moral Values accepted as Universal, ….

Слайд 15


…. and other Renaissance world categories are often

said to prevail across today's Europe.

…. and other Renaissance world categories are often said to prevail across today's Europe.

Слайд 16

For this reason, any mendacious, duplicitous and irrational policies

are rejected and refuted as …
Manichaean;

For this reason, any mendacious, duplicitous and irrational policies are rejected and refuted as …Manichaean;

Слайд 17

…the use of this adjectival term pertains to the

form - and not the contents - of the Manichaean

Cosmogony that evolved around two supreme powers, allowing considerations of an authentic Dualism.
…the use of this adjectival term pertains to the form - and not the contents -

Слайд 18
The Manichaean Doctrine and Expansion

The Manichaean Doctrine and Expansion

Слайд 19

Based on sources encompassing more than 10 different languages

(from Latin to Syriac to Sogdian without excluding Coptic, Arabic

and Chinese), we are able today to reconstitute …
Based on sources encompassing more than 10 different languages (from Latin to Syriac to Sogdian without

Слайд 20

… what proved to be by far the

most elaborate and the most sophisticated system of Cosmogony in

the World History, i.e. that of Mani.
… what proved to be by far the most elaborate and the most sophisticated system

Слайд 21


According to the basics of Manichaean doctrine, before

the existence of Heaven and Earth, there were two Principles,

the Good and the Evil.
According to the basics of Manichaean doctrine, before the existence of Heaven and Earth, there

Слайд 22


The Good Principle dwells in the realm of Light,

being therefore called the Father of Majesty …

The Good Principle dwells in the realm of Light, being therefore called the Father of Majesty

Слайд 23

… (Megethos in Greek, Abba D'rabbutha in Syriac

– a late form of Aramaic language and major vehicle

of Christian Patristic Literature), …
… (Megethos in Greek, Abba D'rabbutha in Syriac – a late form of Aramaic language

Слайд 24

… or
the Father with the Four Persons


(Tetraprosopon in Greek - as opposed to Tetragrammaton of the

Hebrew God), …
… or the Father with the Four Persons (Tetraprosopon in Greek - as opposed to

Слайд 25
… probably because
* Time,
* Light,
*

Force, and
* Goodness
were regarded as its essential manifestations.


… probably because * Time, * Light, * Force, and * Goodness were regarded as

Слайд 26

Opposed to the Father of Majesty is the

King of Darkness.
He is actually never called God, but

otherwise, he and his kingdom 'down' are exactly parallel and symmetrical to the ruler and the realm of the Light above.
Opposed to the Father of Majesty is the King of Darkness. He is actually never

Слайд 27

Manichaeism did not survive down to our times;

although it expanded tremendously from NW Africa and NW Europe

to China, in various parts of the world, …
Manichaeism did not survive down to our times; although it expanded tremendously from NW Africa

Слайд 28
… it was superseded respectively by
1. Roman

Catholicism and
2. Eastern Roman Orthodoxy (across the Mediterranean and

Europe), …
… it was superseded respectively by 1. Roman Catholicism and 2. Eastern Roman Orthodoxy (across

Слайд 29
3. Monophysitic Christianity
(in Eastern Anatolia / Turkey, Syria-Palestine,

and Northern Mesopotamia), …

3. Monophysitic Christianity (in Eastern Anatolia / Turkey, Syria-Palestine, and Northern Mesopotamia), …

Слайд 30

4. Nestorian Christianity (Southern Mesopotamia, Persia, and India),
5.

Parsism (Persia and India),
6. Buddhism (Tibet and China), …

4. Nestorian Christianity (Southern Mesopotamia, Persia, and India), 5. Parsism (Persia and India), 6. Buddhism (Tibet

Слайд 31

… and
7. Islam
(North Africa, Egypt, Syria-Palestine,

Mesopotamia, Persia and Central Asia).

… and 7. Islam (North Africa, Egypt, Syria-Palestine, Mesopotamia, Persia and Central Asia).

Слайд 32

The last Manichaean temple was still functioning before

150 years in the eastern coastland of China!

The last Manichaean temple was still functioning before 150 years in the eastern coastland of

Слайд 33
With the aforementioned in mind and after exercising

considerable reflection with respect to the existing similarities between many

elements of the Manichaean dogma and numerous points of the doctrines of the different superseding religions …
With the aforementioned in mind and after exercising considerable reflection with respect to the existing

Слайд 34

…. (e.g. the different denominations of Christianity, Islam

and Buddhism),
one can easily understand to what extent …

…. (e.g. the different denominations of Christianity, Islam and Buddhism), one can easily understand to

Слайд 35
… Manichaeism has been at the same time


extensively copied,
deliberately misinterpreted,
and
viciously deprecated.

… Manichaeism has been at the same time extensively copied, deliberately misinterpreted, and viciously deprecated.

Слайд 36

Already the sophisticated attitude of
a - purposefully

accepting a theoretical element belonging to another religion,

Already the sophisticated attitude of a - purposefully accepting a theoretical element belonging to another

Слайд 37

b – successfully attributing to it another meaning

quite different from what this theoretical element denoted within the

earlier, original, religious environment (or system) where it first belonged,
b – successfully attributing to it another meaning quite different from what this theoretical element

Слайд 38

and then
c – systematically denigrating the earlier

religious system altogether …
… bears witness of a genuine, formidable

duplicity.
and then c – systematically denigrating the earlier religious system altogether …… bears witness of

Слайд 39

You do not need to be Manichaean in

order to be duplicitous,
and no one can demonstrate that

the Manichaean priests, scholars and magistrates were duplicitous.
You do not need to be Manichaean in order to be duplicitous, and no one

Слайд 40
However, when duplicity becomes
the prevailing mindset among

a nation,
the overwhelming attitude among the elite of a

country, and
the fundamental trait of the cultural and socio-behavioral system within a realm, …
However, when duplicity becomes the prevailing mindset among a nation, the overwhelming attitude among the

Слайд 41
… then there are strong chances that the

system in question leans to a latent or concealed dualism.


Of course, there is no need to identify every dualism with Manichaeism, but structural dualism is explicitly dualistic of nature.
… then there are strong chances that the system in question leans to a latent

Слайд 42
The
Manichaean Origins
of
Europe

The Manichaean Origins of Europe

Слайд 43
In his Ten Commandments, Mani forbade idolatry, mendacity, avarice,

murder (i.e. every type of killing), fornication, theft, seduction to

deceit, magic, hypocrisy (secret infidelity to Manichæism), and religious indifference (agnosticism or atheism).
In his Ten Commandments, Mani forbade idolatry, mendacity, avarice, murder (i.e. every type of killing), fornication,

Слайд 44
Prayer was obligatory four times a day:
at noon,


late in the afternoon,
after sunset, and
three hours later.


Prayer was obligatory four times a day: at noon, late in the afternoon, after sunset, and

Слайд 45

Prayer, accompanied by twelve prostrations, was made facing the

sun or, in the night, the moon;
it was preceded

by a ceremonial purification with water, therefore clearly pre-modeling Islamic practices.
Prayer, accompanied by twelve prostrations, was made facing the sun or, in the night, the moon;

Слайд 46

Manicheans fasted on the first day of

the week (Sunday) in honor of the sun, and kept

the fast during two days after every new moon.
Manicheans fasted on the first day of the week (Sunday) in honor of the

Слайд 47
In addition, a monthly fast occurred on the eighth

day of each month, and it was observed from sunrise

to sunset.
In addition, a monthly fast occurred on the eighth day of each month, and it was

Слайд 48

Manicheans practiced
Baptism,
Eucharist, and
"Consolation", an imposition

of hands by one of the Manichaean High Priests ('perfects').


Manicheans practiced Baptism, Eucharist, and

Слайд 49

On March 20, 242 CE
(beginning of Sassanid

Era in Iran),
Mani
proclaimed himself
the Paraclete promised by

Jesus;
On March 20, 242 CE (beginning of Sassanid Era in Iran), Mani proclaimed himself the

Слайд 50

he rejected the Old Testament in its entirety,


but adopted three Christian books later considered by the Official

Roman Church as Apocrypha, namely …
he rejected the Old Testament in its entirety, but adopted three Christian books later considered

Слайд 51

the Gospel of Thomas,
the Teaching of Addas,

and
the Shepherd of Hermas.

the Gospel of Thomas, the Teaching of Addas, andthe Shepherd of Hermas.

Слайд 52
Jesus Christ
was to Mani
an Aeon
or


the persistent personification of Light in the world;

Jesus Christ was to Mani an Aeon or the persistent personification of Light in the

Слайд 53

Jesus, as narrated by the Christian sources, was indeed

a historical figure for Mani,
but
he was entirely and

adamantly repudiated by Mani;
Jesus, as narrated by the Christian sources, was indeed a historical figure for Mani, but he

Слайд 54

that material Jesus
was
"the son of a

poor widow",
"the Jewish Messiah whom the Jews crucified", …

that material Jesus was

Слайд 55

… "a devil
who was justly punished
for

interfering
in the work of
the Aeon Jesus".

…

Слайд 56


Mani used the term "Evangel" (Gospel) for his message.

Mani used the term

Слайд 57
In no country
did Manichæism
enter
more insidiously


into Christian life
than in Egypt.

In no country did Manichæism enter more insidiously into Christian life than in Egypt.

Слайд 58

One of the governors of Alexandria under Constantine was

a Manichæan,
whereas St. Athanasius says that Anthony the Hermit

had forbidden all intercourse with "Manichæans and other heretics".
One of the governors of Alexandria under Constantine was a Manichæan, whereas St. Athanasius says that

Слайд 59

In the Eastern Roman Empire, Manichaeism came to a

zenith around 400 CE, but then rapidly declined.
Around 150

years later, it once more rose into prominence.
In the Eastern Roman Empire, Manichaeism came to a zenith around 400 CE, but then rapidly

Слайд 60
The Emperor Justinian himself disputed with them;
Barsymes

the Nestorian prefect of Theodora, was an avowed Manichæan too.


The Emperor Justinian himself disputed with them; Barsymes the Nestorian prefect of Theodora, was an

Слайд 61
After a certain decline at the moment of

the rise of Islam, Manichaeism flooded the Eastern Roman Empire

again, this time under the name of Paulicians, or Bogomiles (8th – 10th centuries).
After a certain decline at the moment of the rise of Islam, Manichaeism flooded the

Слайд 62
In the Western Roman Empire, the real headquarters

of Manichaeism were located in Proconsular Africa,
where Adimantus had

risen to theoretical and spiritual prominence.
In the Western Roman Empire, the real headquarters of Manichaeism were located in Proconsular Africa,

Слайд 63
After the edict of Diocletian against the Manichaeans,
we

hear no more of them until the days of St.

Augustine.
After the edict of Diocletian against the Manichaeans, we hear no more of them until the

Слайд 64
It is well known
how St. Augustine (383)
found

a home at Rome
in the Manichaean community, which must

have been considerable.
It is well known how St. Augustine (383) found a home at Rome in the Manichaean

Слайд 65
The Father of the Catholic Church was Manichaean


before adopting Christianity,
but we have not yet got a

Manichaean account
of the extent to which St. Augustine’s ‘Christian' theology was of Manichaean nature and background.
The Father of the Catholic Church was Manichaean before adopting Christianity, but we have not

Слайд 66
After he became Christian,
St. Augustine complained that, although

the Manichæans pretended to be Christians,
their feast of the

death of Mani exceeded in solemnity that
of the Death and Resurrection of Christ.
After he became Christian, St. Augustine complained that, although the Manichæans pretended to be Christians, their

Слайд 67


This – in and by itself – is quite

telling!

This – in and by itself – is quite telling!

Слайд 68

St. Augustine engaged in many debates against Manichaeans,

but this testifies basically to the Manichaean impact on the

– under formation – Christian theology and religion.
St. Augustine engaged in many debates against Manichaeans, but this testifies basically to the Manichaean

Слайд 69
Around 420, Ursus,
the imperial prefect,
arrested
some Manichæans


in Carthage and
made them renounce their faith.

Around 420, Ursus, the imperial prefect, arrested some Manichæans in Carthage and made them renounce their

Слайд 70
When the Vandals conquered Africa, the Manichæans thought

of gaining the Arian Christian clergy by secretly entering their

ranks, but Huneric (477-484), King of the Vandals, who accepted Arianism as the correct Christianity, burnt, murdered, and finally dispersed them.
When the Vandals conquered Africa, the Manichæans thought of gaining the Arian Christian clergy by

Слайд 71
Despite all that, at the end of the

6th century, Africa was rightly considered as the hotbed of

Manichaeism.
The same warning was repeated by Gregory II (701) and, after the Islamic expansion, by Nicholas II (1061).
Despite all that, at the end of the 6th century, Africa was rightly considered as

Слайд 72
The spread of Manichaeism in Spain and Gaul

is covered by obscurity, on account of the uncertainty concerning

the real teaching of Priscillian.
The spread of Manichaeism in Spain and Gaul is covered by obscurity, on account of

Слайд 73
In the years 384-388,
a special sect of Manichaeans

appeared in Rome;
they were called Martari, or Mat-squatters.

In the years 384-388, a special sect of Manichaeans appeared in Rome; they were called Martari,

Слайд 74
Supported by a rich man called Constantius,
they tried

to start a sort of
monastic life for the Elect


in contravention of Mani's command that …
Supported by a rich man called Constantius, they tried to start a sort of monastic life

Слайд 75

… the Elect should wander about the world, preaching

the Manichæan Gospel.

… the Elect should wander about the world, preaching the Manichæan Gospel.

Слайд 76
Around the middle of the 6th century,
Manichæism seemed

to have died out in Western Europe,
but in reality

it survived through a number of secret societies
down to the times of the Paulicians and Bogomili.
Around the middle of the 6th century, Manichæism seemed to have died out in Western Europe,

Слайд 77
When the latter were driven out by the

Eastern Roman emperors, they met with groups in the North

of Italy and the South of France
whereby the quintessence of Manichaean teachings had survived, …
When the latter were driven out by the Eastern Roman emperors, they met with groups

Слайд 78
… and they merged with them, giving successively

birth to
the formidable Cathars,
the Knights Templar,
the Rosicrucian

Order, and
the Freemasons.
… and they merged with them, giving successively birth to the formidable Cathars, the Knights

Слайд 79
The
Manichaean Nature
of
today’s Europe

The Manichaean Nature of today’s Europe

Слайд 80
Two diametrically opposed groups of power supported for

opposite reasons the rise of the European Union,
and each

of them tried to pull the institutions under formation close to their own ideals and ultimate targets.
Two diametrically opposed groups of power supported for opposite reasons the rise of the European

Слайд 81
We have attested these two groups
in frontal

battles about ideas and concepts,
but not in the form

of clashing followers and warring armies. Not thus far!
We have attested these two groups in frontal battles about ideas and concepts, but not

Слайд 82


The Catholic pledge for a Christian Europe
is

in direct conflict with
the Freemasonic concept of a Secular

(or Laic) Europe;
The Catholic pledge for a Christian Europe is in direct conflict with the Freemasonic concept

Слайд 83
Associations fight against or in favor of abortion, whereas

issues like Euthanasia have risen to points of major discord.

Homosexual marriages and homo-parental legislation have become subjects of fundamental political determination.
Associations fight against or in favor of abortion, whereas issues like Euthanasia have risen to points

Слайд 84
Sooner or later,
Europe – united or not –


will have to choose between
two diametrically opposed groups that

have shaped its History, leading Europeans to endless battlefields and death.
Sooner or later, Europe – united or not – will have to choose between two diametrically

Слайд 85
In parallel with this ideological confrontation between the

Catholic Church
and
the descendants of European Manichaeism,
another issue

should draw more attention;
In parallel with this ideological confrontation between the Catholic Church and the descendants of European

Слайд 86

even if eliminated at the religious level, Manichaean

dualism, as structure of thought, as mindset, and as mental

mechanism, reigns in the sphere of socio-political life, mentality, language, attitude, and behaviour.
even if eliminated at the religious level, Manichaean dualism, as structure of thought, as mindset,

Слайд 87

Suffice it that we refer to the highly

symbolic Berlin Declaration, which is expected to be signed in

guise of a 50-year European panegyric, and we are met with an abundance of duplicitous statements …
Suffice it that we refer to the highly symbolic Berlin Declaration, which is expected to

Слайд 88
… that are made to conceal troublesome realities

and to unveil imaginative considerations and fictional evaluations.
This is

deeply, genuinely and irreversibly Manichaean.
… that are made to conceal troublesome realities and to unveil imaginative considerations and fictional

Слайд 89
The first chapter of the Berlin Declaration is expected

to make a tribute to the success stories of EU

integration, citing as "central achievements of European unification" the following: peace, stability, and prosperity;
The first chapter of the Berlin Declaration is expected to make a tribute to the success

Слайд 90
… all three central achievements are attributed
to

the internal market and
to the single currency – which

is an aberration.
… all three central achievements are attributed to the internal market and to the single

Слайд 91
Peace and prosperity were truly met in
Bosnia,


Croatia, and
Kosovo in the 1990s.
The bombardments of Belgrade

were geared precisely for this purpose!
Peace and prosperity were truly met in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo in the 1990s. The

Слайд 92
In another excerpt, it is noted that "accession of

new member states helped
unite the continent and
consolidate democracy and

the rule of law in Europe".
In another excerpt, it is noted that

Слайд 93
Probably, it is for this very reason that


Kosovo,
Transnistria and
the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
have

not yet been recognized as states!
Probably, it is for this very reason that Kosovo, Transnistria and the Turkish Republic of

Слайд 94

In another point, the text reads as follows:
"The

division of the continent could not have been overcome if

the people in Central and Eastern European had not so yearned for freedom".
In another point, the text reads as follows:

Слайд 95
This is certainly the reason so great respect has

been shown by the European Union bureaucrats for the passionate

desire of …
This is certainly the reason so great respect has been shown by the European Union bureaucrats

Слайд 96
… the Basks,
the Scots,
the Catalans,
the Corsicans,


the Occitans,
the Britons,
the South Ossetians, and
theAbkhazians for

Freedom.
… the Basks, the Scots, the Catalans, the Corsicans, the Occitans, the Britons, the South Ossetians,

Слайд 97
The second chapter of the Berlin Declaration focuses

on
"Features of European unification / cooperation"
and singles out


"democracy and the rule of law as the foundations of EU membership";
The second chapter of the Berlin Declaration focuses on

Слайд 98
Furthermore,
"equal rights and duties for all member

states, as well as transparency and subsidiarity" are described as

the
"foundations of the EU".
The aforementioned empty words are referred to as the "Community method"!
Furthermore,

Слайд 99
What is then the reason which prohibits the

Brussels bureaucrats from entering into discussions concerning EU membership extension

to Ukraine, Albania, and Bosnia where free elections have already been held?
What is then the reason which prohibits the Brussels bureaucrats from entering into discussions concerning

Слайд 100
The declaration states that
"the focus is on the

human person whose dignity is inviolable, freedom and responsibility".

The declaration states that

Слайд 101
Solidarity is then characterized as a "crucial element of

the European way of life",
whereas
diversity is viewed as

"the hallmark of Europe making tolerance and respect essential".
Solidarity is then characterized as a

Слайд 102
That is why 'diversities' like
the Macedonian minority in

Bulgaria and
the Turkish minority in Greece (comically and shamelessly

called 'Muslim minority')
have been so highly evaluated in …
That is why 'diversities' like the Macedonian minority in Bulgaria and the Turkish minority in Greece

Слайд 103
… Brussels – the Manichaean capital that tolerates

both,
the anti-Macedonian discriminations perpetrated by the successive governments of

Bulgaria and
the anti-Turkish, anti-Albanian and anti-Macedonian racist propaganda of Greece.
… Brussels – the Manichaean capital that tolerates both, the anti-Macedonian discriminations perpetrated by the

Слайд 104

In the fourth part of the fanciful and irrelevant

document,
EU's external and internal priorities are highlighted, and …

In the fourth part of the fanciful and irrelevant document, EU's external and internal priorities are

Слайд 105
… energy policy and climate protection top the list

as the
"two components of a strategy to counter the

global threats together"
whereas EU is asked to play in this regard a
"pioneering role".
… energy policy and climate protection top the list as the

Слайд 106
Ending
the atrocious genocides carried out
in Sudan's Darfur

and
in Ethiopia's Ogaden and Oromia
could have never been

a priority for the Human Rights pseudo-Champion Europe;
Ending the atrocious genocides carried out in Sudan's Darfur and in Ethiopia's Ogaden and Oromia could

Слайд 107
Obviously not!
Brussels proved to be
a mere

extension of
the French and the English colonialism,
which is

the reason of all troubles currently attested across Africa.
Obviously not! Brussels proved to be a mere extension of the French and the English

Слайд 108
Finally,
a brief excerpt about
"securing elementary human and

civil rights for all" across Europe bears witness to
the

viciousness of the European bureaucrats.
Finally, a brief excerpt about

Слайд 109
When it comes to justice and home affairs policies,


the mercilessly persecuted inhabitants of Paris suburbs constitute
an excellent

example of European duplicity, …
When it comes to justice and home affairs policies, the mercilessly persecuted inhabitants of Paris suburbs

Слайд 110
… and demonstrate to all
that there lies


the Achilles’ heel
of the ailing
European Manichaeism.

… and demonstrate to all that there lies the Achilles’ heel of the ailing European

Слайд 111
First published in the portals
Afroarticles,
American Chronicle, and
Buzzle
on

25th of March 2007

First published in the portalsAfroarticles, American Chronicle, andBuzzleon 25th of March 2007

Слайд 113By Prof. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis
50 Years of European Manichaeism

By Prof. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis50 Years of European Manichaeism

Слайд 114About Prof. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis:
http://megalommatiscomments.wordpress.com/about/
http://www.afroarticles.com/article-dashboard/profile/Muhammad-Shamsaddin-Megalommatis/1680



About Prof. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis:http://megalommatiscomments.wordpress.com/about/http://www.afroarticles.com/article-dashboard/profile/Muhammad-Shamsaddin-Megalommatis/1680

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