52.2 mln in 1992 − 47.5 mln in 2000 (-10%) 1940-1950 −11.5 % Mortality

−11.5 %
Mortality //
Birth-rate

Harry Compton Crick
JamesDewey Watson
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

н., фр. Оказаки – 1,5 тис. Н.п.

Б. Активатор праймази, праймаза, (бета, епс –репарація, гама-мітох, альфа-сігма ядро)

ДНК-п-аза (ДНКП ІІІ у бактер)+ прищепка (PCNA), нуклеаза, бета-ДНКПза, лігаза

of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid

and deoxyribonucleic acid"

Severo Ochoa 1/2 of the prize
USA, New York University, College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
b. 1905(in Luarca, Spain) - d. 1993

Arthur Kornberg1/2 of the prize USA Stanford University b. 1918

that joins broken nucleotides together by catalyzing the formation of

an internucleotide ester bond between the phosphate backbone and the deoxyribose nucleotides.

Capecchi, Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies
for their discoveries of

"principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"

The homologous recombination is conserved throughout evolution and was demonstrated in bacteria more than 50 years ago by the 1958 Nobel Laureate Joshua Lederberg.
Capecchi demonstrated that homologous recombination could take place between introduced DNA and the chromosomes in mammalian cells and the defective genes could be repaired by homologous recombination with the incoming DNA.
Smithies initially tried to repair mutated genes in human cells.
They chose a gene that was easily identified (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) – 1986.

retroviral DNA from ES cells

enzyme were made transparent so as to make the path

of RNA and DNA more clear. The magnesium ion (yellow) is located at the enzyme active site

molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription“
Roger D. Kornberg
USA Stanford University Stanford,

CA, USA
b. 1947

blue and RNA in orange

Blobel


began in
the late 1960s.

The signal hypothesis

for

the discovery that "proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"

proteins have a large number of important functions
Examples of

directed transport mediated by topogenic signals.. The signal itself consists of a chain of amino acids. It is an integral part of the protein, and it is often located at one end of the protein