Soil temperature regime

becomes more complicated. It depends on a number of reasons.
Snow

cover makes the surface of the soil warmer compared with nude soil.
Cloudiness decreases the surface temperature at daytime and does not allow the temperature to grow down at nights.
Air mass properties may decrease the surface temperature or increase it.
Precipitation in form of rain decreases porosity and, by this way, increases heat conductivity.

snow covers absorb both solar and terrestrial radiation.
Summer
The highest temperature

is observed in the soil that is covered with burned down grass(#3). The matter is that the albedo of the nude soil(#2) is larger than that of covered with burned down grass.

up to 82°C, in Middle Asia up to 79°C, and

here up to 60°C.
Winter

Snow reflects almost all incoming solar radiation.
Being close to absolutely black body, it emits long wavelength radiation very well. Thus, its radiation balance is negative.

That is why the snow is quick to be cooled. However, the value of the snow conductivity is very small, and it grows up with its density increase.

Snow makes the soil warmer that it might be without the snow and, by this way protects the soil from deep freezing.

impact on the soil.
The heat coming from below
and from above
is

spent for snow melting

and appearing water evaporation.

The temperature of the nude surface becomes much higher at daytime and a bit higher at night.

Results

Snow covered surface

Nude surface at day

Nude surface at night

layers

1
2
The first is within the crowns of the trees

The second

is in the soil

A thick forest with the trees up to about 30 meters allows for passing 2 – 7 % of the solar radiation. Deciduous forest allows more SR to pass than the coniferous one. Temperature distribution with height with the forest is very complicated and depends on many factors.

observe inversions. The reason: The crowns of the trees absorb,

as minimum, 93% of incoming energy. It makes the temperature of the crowns and surrounding air to grow up at daytime. The lowest part receives only 7% of the incoming heat. Therefore its temperature, although grows, but not as large as at the height of the crowns.

In the thin forest, the temperature decreases with height. The lapse rate, at sunny summer day, can reach the value that exceeds adiabatic lapse rate.

is quite different of that of land.

Reasons
Higher heat conductivity of

water, especially in upper 50 – 150 meters, where eddy exchange is significant.
The water heat capacity is about double of the soil.
Solar radiation can be allowed to pass as deep as 100 meters into depth of the water.

layer of the air (a few cm). The water temperature

also increases with depth also within a very thin layer and then becomes almost constant (a few tens of meters), and then decreases. However, after a while the heat drain due to evaporation becomes to be compensated by eddy fluxes from above and below.

does not change its value with depth is called Quasi-homogeneous

layer (QHL).
In summer (June – October), the QHL depth is about 50 meters.
This time, the water surface temperature is rather high, and decreases with depth (below QHL). It means that the water density increases with depth. Thus the eddy mixing is limited.
It acts under influence of wind only (mechanical mixing).
In winter, the QHL depth increases up to 100 – 150 meters. At this time of the year, the mixing is caused by both wind influence and water convection since the temperature increases with depth and correspondingly the water density decreases with depth.

the variation is much smaller than over land.

Over land

Over water
2-3

hours

Annual variation

Annual temperature variation is also smaller over water

Extratropical regions

Tropics