Ministry education and Science of Republic of Kazakhstan Karaganda State

named after academician Ye.A. Buketov

Biological and geographical faculty

Botany Department

Course – Botany
Specialty - 5В011300 – «Biology»

Lecture № 7

Types of inflorescences. Role of inflorescences in plants’ life

(1 hour)

Lecturer: candidate of biological science, associated professor
Ishmuratova Margarita Yulaevna

inflorescences.
3 Compound inflorescences.
4 Pollination.

растений. – Минск: Новое знание, 2002. – 185 с.
2 Родман

А.С. Ботаника. – М.: Колос, 2001. - 328 с.

Additional literatures:
1 Ишмуратова М.Ю. Ботаника. Учебно-методическое пособие. - Караганда: РИО Болашак-Баспа, 2015. - 331 с.
2 Тусупбекова Г.Т. Основы естествознания. Ч. 1. Ботаника. – Астана: Фолиант, 2013. – 321 с.
3 Байтулин И.О. Основы ризологии. - Алматы: Гылым, 2001. – 210 с.

make generative shoot system. Its diverse structure is of not

lesser importance than the structure of vegetative shoot system.
Biological role of inflorescences – to attract insects – pollinators.

groups, or “models”

the terminal or central flower opens first

The primary axis then

stops elongating. These are known as determinate inflorescence:
A. Simple (or basic) cyme - a three-flowered cluster composed of a peduncle bearing a terminal flower and below it two bracts with each bract subtending a lateral flower.
B. Compound cyme - a branching cyme.

grow as the flowers develop. These are called indeterminate inflorescence.

The lowermost or outermost flowers open first; usually no terminal flower is produced.
C. Panicle - similar to a raceme but greatly branched.
D. Raceme - stalked flowers arranged along an elongate central axis.
E. Spike - sessile flowers arranged along an elongate central axis.
F. Corymb - short, broad, and flattopped.
G. Simple umbel - several branches radiating from the same point and terminated by single flowers.
H. Compound umbel - same as above with additional secondary umbels.
I. Head (capitulum) - a compact inflorescence composed of a very short axis and usually sessile flowers; characteristic of sunflower family.

connections. Digits represent the simple encoding system: first position is

main axis, second position are secondary axes (flower pedicels), 1 means developed, 0 reduced. Double inflorescences have four digit positions, for the first and second orders of branching. Some names: 11 raceme, 11/11 double raceme, 10 spike and spadix, 01 umbel, 01/01 compound umbel, 00 head.

thyrsus, dichasium and monochasium (cincinnus)

panicle; D, raceme; E, spike; F, corymb; G, simple umbel;

H, compound umbel; and I, head.

can happen in both abiotic and biotic ways. Abiotic would

be represented by gravity, wind, or water; biotic would be performed by agents like insects, birds, bats, or in some cases tree mammals like possums. Wind-pollination is seen as being wasteful and unintelligent due to the fact that the plant needs to produce so much more pollen without any precise targeting.
Adaptation to the particular pollination agent results in different pollination syndromes. For example, cup-shaped flowers are usually pollinated with massive animals like beetles and even bats. Funnel-shaped flowers as well as labiate flowers (with lips), are adapted to flies and bees. Flowers with long spurs attract butterflies and birds (like hummingbirds or sugarbirds).
Self-pollination of ten exists like a “plan B”, in case cross-pollination is, for some reason, impossible. Sometimes, self-pollinated flowers even do not open; these flowers are called cleistogamous.
If pollination needs to be avoided, apomixis will prevent it. Apomixis requires reproductive organs, but there is no fertilization. One type of apomixis is apospory when an embryo develops from the maternal diploid tissue, but does not go through the meiosis stage. In this process, asexual reproduction will have become vegetative. Another type of apomixis would be apogamy (parthenogenesis) when embryo develops from an unfertilized gamete after diploidization has occurred. Here, vegetative reproduction evolved from sexual reproduction.

principles did use for classification of inflorescences?
3 Describe general characteristics

of simple and compound inflorescences.
4 Which inflorescences are characterized for Asteraceae family?
5 Which inflorescences are characterized for Apiaceae family?
6 Why inflorescences are important diagnostic signs for classification of plants?

compound umbel
Е) compound cyme
F) Panicle
 
Type of inflorescence for Asteraceae

family:
А) simple spike
В) anthodium
С) head
Д) umbel
Е) panicle