Lecture 21 SIMPLE SENTENCE

and unexpanded sentences

sentences

meaning of the sentence
= predicative line of the sentence

simple,
polypredicative = two or more predicative lines, i.e. composite and

certain element of situation.
Each position = the member

modify each other

predicate is the “process” modifier of the subject;
they are

the attribute – a quality modifier of substantive parts, either

the parenthesis (parenthetical enclosure) - a detached speaker-bound modifier either

of the whole sentence;
the interjection (interjectional enclosure) – an

the relations between them can be representned in

Pron
NP
VP
VP
S

This is determined by the valency of the verb-predicate
Sentence parts
obligatory
optional

which all the positions are obligatory
(the principal parts +

includes only obligatory nominative parts;
expanded - includes some optional parts,

parts of this sentence are required by the obligatory valency

the attribute-supplement very interesting;
is reducible to the elementary unexpanded

(the subject axis)
the predicate group (the predicate axis).
the

the subordinate secondary parts

+

or “two-axis sentences”).
Sentence with one of the axes present

restored from the conext. Elliptical sentences: e.g.: Who is there?

e.g.: Brute!;
psychologically tense descriptions,

e.g.: To ask a question

(Ladies and gentlemen! Dear friends!),
greeting and parting formulas (Hello!

For heaven’s sake! Gosh!, etc.,
= “pseudo-sentences”, or

parts semantics.

divided into
1) impersonal, e.g.: It drizzles; There is no use

One never knows such things for sure.

e.g.: The wind opened the door.

divided into
1) process featuring (“verbal”)
a) actional, e.g.: I play

b) perceptional, e.g.: She seems to be clever.

the predicate:
predicates:
simple (I read)
compound,

verbs (She looked beautiful).

aspect Pr (She started crying)
Mixed types

divided into
subjective, e.g.: He is a writer;
objective, e.g.:

Saussure: paradigmatics is quite natural for morphology, while syntax should

the 20th century
(N.Chomsky’s transformational grammar theory).

syntactic categories = the oppositions of paradigmatically correlated sentence patterns.

grammatical meanings of paradigmatically opposed sentence patterns.

sentence (the principal parts + complementive modifiers)
e.g.: Mary put

forms within categories)
- changes of the finite form of

syntactic constructions
e.g.: Mary put the book on the table. 

and indefinite pronouns and of various substitutive half-notional words),
e.g.:

conditions,
e.g.: Put the book on the table!  On

order)
e.g.: Mary put the book on the table. 

functional tones and accents,
e.g.: Mary put the book on

with each other;
e.g. Where did Mary put the book?

constructional relations - the formation of more complex syntactic structures

a clause in the process of the subordinative or coordinative

order;
the change of intonational arrangement, deletion, substitution and other

team won and it caused a sensation; When the team

phrase in the process of building the syntactic constructions of

into a nominal phrase;

 a regular noun phrase
 NO predicative semantics,

the sentence  a semi-predicative gerundial or infinitive

of predicative syntactic semantics

into
1. lower - include the expression of such morphological

they make up the following syntactic categories:

question is opposed to statement,

is opposed to negation, cf.: Mary put the book on

cf.: Mary put the book on the table. – Mary

opposed to fact,

to fact,

is opposed to non-specialized, direct actual division,

oppositions actually represented in a sentence = its predicative load.

as non-interrogative, non-imperative, non-negative, non-modal-identifying, etc., = predicatively “non-loaded” (has

or two positive feature expressed = lightly loaded;

features (normally, no more than six) are heavily loaded.

back on the table?!
 expressing positive predicative semantics of